Consciousness: Body rhythms and mental states

1
ConsciousnessBody rhythms and mental states
chapter 5
2
I. What is consciousness?
chapter 5
3
Consciousness

• Awareness of oneself and the environment p151
• Levels of consciousness
• Controlled processes (alert and focused)
• Automatic processes (minimal attention needed)
• Daydreaming
• Sleep
• Dreaming
• Altered states of consciousness

4
II. Biological rhythms
chapter 5
5
Understanding biological rhythms p152
chapter 5

• Biological rhythms
• A periodic, more or less regular fluctuation in a
  biological system
• Circadian rhythms
• Once about every 24 hours
• Example the sleep-wake cycle

6
Biological cues

• Sunrise Light increasing temperature

• Sunset Dark decreasing temperature

7
Social cues

• Jobs

• Clocks

8
Circadian rhythms pp152-154
chapter 5

• To study endogenous circadian rhythms, scientists
  isolate volunteers from time cues.
• Circadian rhythms are influenced by
• Changes in routine
• Airplane flights across time zones
• Adjusting to new work shifts
• Illness, stress, fatigue, excitement, drugs,
  and
• mealtimes

9
III. Sleep
chapter 5
10
Sleep pp159-162
chapter 5

• A periodic, natural, reversible loss of
  consciousness
• How many hours did you sleep last night?

11
Recommended sleep time
chapter 5

• 8-10 hours

12
Sleep deprivation Staying up late and not
allowing oneself enough sleep
chapter 5

• Randy Gardner
• 1964

• Tony Wright
• 2007

• 2/3 of Americans get fewer than recommended 8
  hoursSleep deprivation leads to decreases in
  physical
• and mental functioning.

13
Sleep cycles and stages pp159-160
chapter 5

• One sleep cycle lasts about 90 minutes
• Stage 1. Feel self drifting on the edge of
  consciousness
• Stage 2. Minor noises wont disturb you
• Stage 3. Breathing and pulse have slowed down
• Stage 4. Deep sleep
• REM. Increased eye movement, loss of muscle
  tone, dreaming

14
Typical nights sleep for a young adult
chapter 5
15
Sleep disorders pp161-162
chapter 5

• Insomnia
• Recurring problems falling or staying asleep
• Sleep apnea
• Breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing the
  person to choke and gasp and momentarily waken.
• Night terrors
• Episodes of high arousal and the appearance of
  being terrified
• Narcolepsy
• Sudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of
  sleepiness or lapses into REM sleep

16
IV. Dream interpretation
chapter 5
17
Dreaming pp162-167

• Dream A sequence of images, emotions, and
  thoughts passing through a sleeping persons mind

18
Psychoanalytic approach to dreaming 163-164
chapter 5

• Freud concluded that dreams might provide insight
  into our unconscious wishes and desires
• Manifest content includes
• aspects of the dream we
• consciously experience.
• Latent content includes unconscious wishes and
  thoughts symbolized in the dream.

19
Information processing approach to dreamingp165
chapter 5

• Dreams may reflect current concerns and ongoing
  conscious issues such as relationships, work,
  sex, or health.
• Some dreams may help us solve problems

• Example college students and testing

20
Activation synthesis theory pp165-166
chapter 5

• Dreaming results from the cortical synthesis and
  interpretation of neural signals triggered by
  activity in the brainstem
• ?

21
V. Hypnosis
chapter 5
22
Hypnosis p168
chapter 5

• A procedure in which the practitioner suggests
  changes in the sensations, perceptions, thoughts,
  feelings, or behavior of the subject

23
Features of the hypnotic state
chapter 5

• 1. Minimized distractions client relaxes
• 2. Client is asked to concentrate on a
• specific stimulus
• 3. Client is told what to expect
• 4. Hypnotist suggests certain
• events/feelings that he/she knows
• will occur

24
The nature of hypnosis
chapter 5

• Hypnotic responsiveness (suggestibility) depends
  more on the person being hypnotized than on the
  skill of the hypnotist.
• Hypnotized people cant be forced to do things
  against their will.
• Feats performed under hypnosis can be performed
  by motivated people without hypnosis.
• Hypnosis does not increase the accuracy of
  memory.

25
Theories of hypnosis pp169-171
chapter 5

• Dissociation theories
• p169
• Hypnosis is a split in consciousness in which one
  part of the mind operates independently of
  consciousness
• During hypnosis, dissociation occurs between an
  executive control system (probably in the frontal
  lobes) and other systems of thinking and acting.
• Hidden observer

26
Theories of hypnosis
chapter 5

• Sociocognitive theories p170
• Effects of hypnosis result from interaction
  between social influence of the hypnotist and the
  beliefs and expectations of the subject.

27
VI. Drugs and consciousness
chapter 5
28
The Drug Game !
29

• A substance capable of influencing perception,
  mood, cognition, or behavior

30
Psychoactive drug

• A substance capable of influencing perception,
  mood, cognition, or behavior

31

• This is a category of drugs that speeds up
  activity in the CNS.

32
Stimulants

• This is a category of drugs that speeds up
  activity in the CNS.

33

• The diminishing effect of a drug with regular
  use.

34
Tolerance

• The diminishing effect of a drug with regular
  use.

35

• This is a category of drugs that slow down
  activity in the CNS.

36
Depressants

• This is a category of drugs that slow down
  activity in the CNS.

37

• The major active ingredient in marijuana.
• It is also known as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.

38
THC

• The major active ingredient in marijuana.
• It is also known as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.

39

• These drugs relieve pain, and include morphine
  and heroin.

40
Opiates

• These drugs relieve pain, and include morphine
  and heroin.

41

• These drugs disrupt normal thought processes,
  distort perceptions and evoke hallucinations.

42
Psychedelic drugs

• These drugs disrupt normal thought processes,
  distort perceptions and evoke hallucinations.

43

• This drug calms anxiety and increases ones sense
  of well-being. It can cause heart disease and
  cancer. It is a stimulant. It is found in
  tobacco.

44
Nicotine

• This drug calms anxiety and increases ones sense
  of well-being. It can cause heart disease and
  cancer. It is a stimulant. It is found in
  tobacco.

45

• This popularly consumed drug is a stimulant that
  activates the pleasure centers of the brain.
• It can lead to anxiety, restlessness, and
  insomnia.

46
Caffeine

• This popularly consumed drug is a stimulant that
  activates the pleasure centers of the brain.
• It can lead to anxiety, restlessness, and
  insomnia.
• It is found in coffee, chocolate, and other foods.

47

• A depressant drug that impacts brain areas
  controlling inhibition and judgment.
• It is a legal drug that kills more people than
  all illegal drugs combined.

48
Alcohol

• A depressant drug that impacts brain areas
  controlling inhibition and judgment.
• It is a legal drug that kills more people than
  all illegal drugs combined.

49

• Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing an
  increase in heart rate, breathing, and energy
  level, and a decrease in appetite. Sometimes
  referred to as speed.

50
Amphetamines

• Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing an
  increase in heart rate, breathing, and energy
  level, and a decrease in appetite. Sometimes
  referred to as speed.

51

• This drug creates a rush of euphoria, confidence,
  and energy, followed by depression, lethargy, and
  irritability.
• It is also called crack.

52
Cocaine

• This drug creates a rush of euphoria, confidence,
  and energy, followed by depression, lethargy, and
  irritability.
• It is also called crack.

53

• This is a powerful psychedelic drug.
• It can cause euphoria, detachment, or panic.
• It is also known as acid.

54
LSDLysergic Acid Diethylamide

• This is a powerful psychedelic drug.
• It can cause euphoria, detachment, or panic.
• It is also known as acid.

55

• The discomfort and distress that follow
  discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.

56
Withdrawal

• The discomfort and distress that follow
  discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.

57

• Consisting of the leaves and flowers of the hemp
  plant, this drug may be smoked or eaten.
• It relaxes, disinhibits, and may produce a
  euphoric high.

58
Marijuana

• Consisting of the leaves and flowers of the hemp
  plant, this drug may be smoked or eaten.
• It relaxes, disinhibits, and may produce a
  euphoric high.