The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars

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The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
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Initially Europe Resisted War
Britain
Prussia
Austria
Russia
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Declaration of Pillnitz

• Austrias new emperor Leopold II gives in to
  émigré pressure and states that he (and Prussia)
  will take military steps to restore order in
  France IF all the other powers especially
  Britain - would join him. (August 1791)
• France sees this as an aggressive move and
  declares war on Austria in April of 1792. By
  then, Francis II is Austrias emperor.

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First Coalition 1792-1797(Enemies of France)

• Austria (1792 1797) attacked by France
• Prussia (1792 - 1795) supported Austria
• Holland (The Independent Netherlands) -- worried
  that the French would take them over next
• Great Britain (1793 right into the second
  coalition of 1799) supported the Netherlands
• Spain (1793 - 1795) opportunistic motives, also
  angry Louis XVI was guillotined

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The Battle against the First Coalition 1792-1797

• Initially the war did not go well for the French
• French forces fled from the initial battles in
  the Austrian Netherlands (Spring 1792), Austria
  and Prussia on the verge of invading France
• Before invading Austria and Prussia issued the
  Brunswick Manifesto warning the French not to
  hurt Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.
• Parisian mobs respond with anger and violence,
  attacking the Tuileries Palace

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The Battle against the First Coalition 1792-1797

• But then the tide began to turn in favor of the
  revolutionaries who were motivated by their
  Nationalism
• In September French forces won a moral victory at
  Valmy, keeping the Prussians from invading France
• French volunteer recruits were able to capture
  some of northern Italy, the German Rhineland and
  the Austrian Netherlands by November 1792. They
  are welcomed by revolutionary sympathizers.

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The Battle against the First Coalition 1792-1797

• But its not over for the French who suffer yet
  another setback
• By July 1793 only the areas around Paris and on
  the eastern frontier were firmly held by the
  central government. Regions of France were in
  open revolt. Defeat for France seemed imminent.
• France responds with the Reign of Terror, using
  force to harness the French economy and
  population to fuel the war effort.
• By January 1794, there are 800,000 men in the
  French army. They are quickly trained, highly
  nationalistic and led by young generals who rose
  through the ranks.

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Outcome of the Battle against the First Coalition
1792-1797

• The French have victory in their grasp by July
  1794
• The Austrian Netherlands and the Rhineland are
  again controlled by France.
• The French set up a republic in the Netherlands.
  Others follow in Italy and Switzerland
• Napoleon is victorious in Northern Italy against
  the Austrians in 1796-7.
• Treaty of Campo Formio is signed by Austria in
  late 1797, only Britain remains to fight (with
  its navy, not army).

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Second Coalition 1798-1802Enemies of France

• Austria (1798 1801) wanted land back
• Great Britain (1798 1802) still at war
• Russia (1798 1801) concerned about Frances
  growing interest in Egypt. Russia wanted to
  dominate the Ottoman Turks.

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Battle against the Second Coalition 1798-1802

• France loses its early battles due to its
  terribly disorganized government (the Directory)
• Napoleon returns from Egypt and takes over the
  government of France early on during the fight
  with the Second Coalition
• With Napoleons leadership the French are able to
  cross the Alps (which was unexpected) and
  decisively defeat Austria

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Second Coalition 1798-1802Outcome

• Russia withdrew its forces
• Treaty of Luneville (1801) Austria accepted the
  loss of almost all its Italian possessions and
  the west bank of the Rhine
• Treaty of Amiens (1802) Britain acknowledges
  Frances control of all the lands she has
  conquered and allows Napoleon to reshape Germany

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During the Peace 1802-3

• Napoleon, demonstrating his increasing power,
  reorganizes the Italian and Swiss Republics as
  well as the Confederation of the Rhine
• Napoleon unsuccessfully tries to reassert
  authority in Haiti. After realizing he is not
  going to reinvigorate Frances American colonies
  he sells Louisiana to the US.
• Napoleon crowns himself emperor

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Third Coalition 1805Enemies of France

• Britain (longtime rivals had re-started the
  conflict with France in 1803)
• Austria (entered into an alliance with Britain)
• Russia (concerned about Napoleons abuses of
  power)
• Sweden (attempting to gain former glory,
  concerned about Napoleons abuse of power)

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Third Coalition 1805

• Napoleon prepared his armies for an invasion of
  Britain massing them along the English channel,
  then moving them to the Danube where they
  defeated the Austrians at Ulm and occupied their
  capital, Vienna. He then defeated the Austrians
  and Russians at Austerlitz.
• His navy, along with Spains navy was defeated at
  the Battle of Trafalgar. Napoleon never again
  tried to invade England. Instead he attacked
  the British by restricting British trade with
  Europe.

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Ulm
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Third Coalition Plus Prussia

• The Russian army retreats back to Russia after
  Austerlitz. Austria signs a peace treaty giving
  up more land (the Treaty of Pressburg).
• Prussia starts getting nervous about Napoleons
  power in Germany and attacks independently
  (though with Russian support). Prussia is
  defeated at Jena and Auerstadt.
• Tired of war, Russia signs a peace treat at
  Tilsit, becoming an ally of France and agreeing
  to enforce the blockade of Britain. (The same
  treaty takes away half of Prussia and makes
  Prussian an ally of France.) Now France and
  Russia (and Prussia) are allies against Britain.

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Iberian Uprising 1807 - 1813Enemies of France

• Spanish Catholics, monarchists and patriots
  (against Napoleons brother Joseph becoming king
  of Spain)
• Portuguese (punished for trading with the British
  even though they were a neutral country)
• United Kingdom (1807-1809 willing to assist
  anyone who was fighting France
• First use of guerilla warfare. Napoleon himself
  cant figure out how to respond effectively.
  French slaughtered thousands of Spanish but the
  Spanish kept resisting.

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Effect of the Iberian Uprising 1807 - 1813

• The other European powers begin to believe that
  Napoleon is beatable.
• German states also experiencing nationalism.

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Austrian War of Liberation 1809

• After more skirmishes between Austria and France,
  Napoleon sought harsher terms from the Austrians
  than in prior agreements. Austria lost much
  territory and one-fifth of her population to the
  French.
• Austria must now be an ally of France. This
  alliance is cemented by Napoleon marrying Marie
  Louise, daughter of the Austrian emperor.
• Napoleon is at the height of his power

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Invasion of Russia 1812

• Napoleon attacked because Russia Czar Alexander I
  was not upholding the Continental System

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Invasion of Russia 1812Outcome

• Napoleon, hearing about a potential coup in Paris
  hurried back ahead of his surviving troops
  (making the trek in 13 days!)
• Napoleon was offered terms by Austria which would
  have reduced France to its historical size
  Napoleon refused
• Napoleon raised another army which was defeated
  at Leipzig in the Battle of the Nations
• The powers of Europe were quickly organizing to
  fight the weakened emperor.

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Fourth Coalition 1813-1814Enemies of France

• Austria (deserting her alliance with France)
• Prussia (also deserting her allianc with France)
• Russia
• Britain
• FYI the Fourth Coalition is also called the
  Quadruple Alliance

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Fourth Coalition 1813-1814Outcome

• Napoleon abdicated in April, 1814
• Allies gave Napoleon the island of Elba as his
  own small country
• Bourbon dynasty restored to France, Louis XVIII,
  brother of Louis XVI was crowned as a
  constitutional monarch with legal equality and an
  elected legislature (but only a limited number of
  people could vote).
• French borders were not redrawn, France did not
  have to pay an indemnity

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1815 The Hundred Days Enemies of France

• Britain
• Russia
• Prussia
• The Netherlands
• Austria
• Spain
• Portugal
• Some German states

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The Hundred Days 1815Cause of Conflict

• After 9 months and 21 days, Napoleon saw his
  chance to escape from Elba and sailed for France
• Napoleon collected an army as he marched toward
  Paris. The French army deserted Louis XVIII.
• Napoleon defeated by the British and Prussians at
  Waterloo

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The Hundred Days 1815Outcome

• Louis XVIII was again restored to the throne
• French borders were trimmed, France had to pay an
  indemnity and endure an army of occupation
• Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena, where he died,
  most likely of stomach cancer in 1821.
• Napoleon was first buried on St. Helena, but his
  body was returned to France for a state funeral
  in 1840.

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