Properties and Changes of Matter

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Properties and Changes of Matter

• Unit One
• Chapter 2

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Properties of Matter

• What is Matter?
• Anything that has mass and takes up space
• What is mass?
• Amount of matter an object contains

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Types of Matter

• Substance
• Matter that has definite and uniform composition
• Mixture
• Physical blend of two or more substances that can
  be separated using physical means.
• Filtration
• Distillation

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Types of Matter
One type of stuff
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Types of Substances

• Elements
• Simplest form of matter
• Compounds
• composed of more than one type of atom
• Can be separated into simpler substances by
  chemical means

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Types of Mixtures

• Heterogeneous
• Multiple phases
• Homogeneous
• All in a single phase

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Homogeneous Mixtures are Solutions

• Solvent
• The substances that does the dissolving
• Present in the greater amount
• Solute
• The substances that gets dissolved
• Present in the smaller amount

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Heterogenous or Homogeneous

• Saltwater
• Spaghetti sauce
• Muddy water
• Cough syrup
• Salad
• Brass

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Physical Properties of Matter

• Quality of a subtance that can be observed or
  measured without changing the substance
• Melting/boiling point, color, density. Mass

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Types of Physical Properties

• Two types of Physical Properties
• Intensive
• Are constant regardless of the amount of the
  substance
• Melt. Pt/Boil. Pt
• Density
• Extensive
• Vary depending on amount of substance present
• Mass
• Volume
• Intensive properties are inherent to a substance
  and can aid in identifying an unknown sample

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Phases of Matter

• 3 common phases

• Solid
• Definite shape
• Definite volume
• Highly rigid and organized particles vibrate
  around fixed points
• Nearly incompressible, does not flow

• Liquid
• Definite volume
• Indefinite shape
• Fluid takes the shape of its container,
  slightly compressible

• Gas
• Indefinte shape
• Indefinite volume
• Very fluid - takes shape and volume of containter
• Particles move randomly with high energy, very
  compressible

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Additional Phases of Matter

• Bose-Einsten Condensate
• Exists as temperatures approach absolute zero
  (-273 C)
• Extremely dense, but less structured than solid
• Plasma
• Energy similar to gas
• Contains ions rather than atoms
• Attraction of ionic charges pull molecules closer
  together than in gas

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Definitions related to changes in Matter

• Vapor
• Gaseous state of a substance that is in the
  liquid or solid state at normal temperatture
• Temperature
• Average kinetic energy of the particles (atoms,
  molecules, etc.) of the substance

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Physical Changes to Matter

• Changes that do not alter the chemical compostion
  
• Change in size or shape
• Change in phase

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Chemical Properties of Matter

• Ability of a substance to react and form a new
  substance
• Can only be observed or measured by changing the
  substance into a different substance

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Chemical Changes to Matter

• Results in the formation of a new substances
• A chemical reaction takes place
• Evidence that a chemical reaction has taken place
• Change in energy
• Temperature increase or decrease
• Production of a gas
• Formation of bubbles or detection of odor
• Formation of a precipitate
• Presence of a solid
• Color change

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Chemical Reactions

• One or more substances change into a new
  substance
• Reactants
• The substances that exist before the
  reaction/chemical change takes place
• Products
• The substances that form as a result of the
  reaction/chemical change

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Evidence of a Chemical Reaction

• Formation of a gas
• Formation of a solid (precipitate)
• Color change
• Change in energy (absorbed or given off)

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Practice classify the following as physical or
chemical properties of water

1. Colorless
2. Changes from a liquid to a gas at 100ºC
3. Decomposed by electricity into hydrogen and
   oxygen
4. Freezes at 0 ºC
5. Produces acetylene gas when dropped in calcium
   carbide
6. Produces a gas when reacted with sodium

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Practice Classify the following as physical or
chemical changes

• Bending a piece of wire into a new shape
• Cooking a steak
• Cutting the grass
• Souring of milk
• Burning coal
• Dissolving sugar in water
• Growing grass
• Stretching a rubber band

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Law of Conservation of Mass

• The amount of matter present before the reaction
  takes place will equal the amount of matter at
  the completion of the reaction

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Food for Thought

• If 4.0 g of hydrogen are combined with a mass of
  oxygen to make 36.0 g of water, how many grams of
  oxygen were used in the reaction?

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