1960

1
1960s (1962-1975)

• Cultural
• Sexual
• and Social
• Revolutions

2
The Feminine Mystique

• Written in 1963
• Betty Friedan
• Claimed that women were capable of handling
  issues outside the home
• Freed women from being strictly homemakers in
  post war America

3
Feminism

• A collection of social theories and political
  movements to equalize the sexes
• In the 1960s women sought education, a place in
  the workforce and equal pay

4
Beatle Mania

• Appeared on the Ed Sullivan Show in 1964
• John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and
  Ringo Starr
• Caused a sensation in the United States

5
John Glenn

• First man to orbit the Earth
• Beat the Russians in that aspect of the Space
  Race
• Aboard shuttle Friendship 7 (Mercury program)
• February 20, 1962

6
Warren Report

• Founded November 26, 1963
• Investigating the Kennedy Assassination
• Found Lee Harvey Oswald Acted Alone
• All shots had been fired from the Texas Book
  Depository
• Found that the Secret Service had been at fault
  for the assassination
• All files were sealed by executive order of
  President Johnson for 75 years (2039)
• The files are scheduled for release to the public
  in 2017

7
Cesar Chavez

• 1927-1992
• Founded the National Farm Workers Association
• Leader for the Mexican-American civil rights
  movement
• Fought for higher wages for migrant workers
• Hailed as one of the greatest Civil Rights
  leaders since Martin Luther King Jr.

8
1964 Election

• Lyndon B. Johnson-Democrat
• Barry Goldwater-Republican
• Goldwater was painted as a radical and a hothead
  who would lead to nuclear war

9
Johnsons Great Society

• Medicare/medicade
• Infant mortality rate dropped by 33
• Food Stamps
• Head Start program
• Job Corps
• For people who dropped out of high school
• VISTAs (Volunteers in Service to America)
• Domestic Peace Corps
• Highway Beautification Act 1967
• Placed regulations on billboards
• Immigration Reform
• National Origins Act (1920)
• Set quotas on nationalities eliminated in 1960
• Vietnam erodes the Great Society and America
  loses trust in LBJ

10
Johnson and Civil Rights

• Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Strengthens the governments ability to intervene
  in voting rights
• Outlaws segregation in public accommodations
• Establishes the Equal Employment Opportunity
  Commission
• Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Prohibits the use of Literacy Tests in the south
• Thurgood Marshall-1967
• First African-American Supreme Court Justice
• Civil Rights Act of 1968
• Prohibits discrimination in housing

11
Watts Riots

• August 11-17, 1965
• People began rioting over the racism of the
  police department
• Of 205 police officers in the district only 5
  were African-American
• 99 African-American population
• 34 people killed (28 African-Americans)
• 35 million in damages over the 6 days

12
Counter Culture

• Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco
• Epicenter for the Beat Movement and hippies
• 1967-Summer of Love
• Reaction against social norms and the rigid rules
  of the 1950s
• Used drugs, music and equal rights to rebel
• Music-Jimmy Hendrix, Bob Dylan, and Janis Joplin
• Equal Rights-feminist movement and Civil Rights

13
The Draft

• Instituted at the beginning of the Vietnam War
• College was the only way to avoid the draft
• People burned draft cards in public
• Stopped by Nixon in 1975

14
Apollo I

• January 27, 1967
• 3 astronauts on a training mission
• Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger Chaffee
• Too much oxygen had been pumped into the chamber
• Problems with the communication system and the
  suits
• A fire broke out in the command module
• Within 17 seconds the entire crew was dead

15
Columbia University

• 1968
• Columbia University take-over
• Students occupy the office of the President of
  the college
• 1,000 students are protesting for civil rights
  and against the war

16
Bobby Kennedy

• Attorney General under President Kennedy
• Major Civil Rights advocate
• Responsible for the arrest of Teamster Jimmy
  Hoffa
• Ran for Senate in 1964 from New York

17
Bobby vs. Organized Crime

• Special Targets
• Sam Giancana (4)
• Original case was tainted by the CIA and Kennedy
  had to start over again
• Close with Frank Sinatra
• Sinatra was friends with the Kennedys
• Tried to expose JFKs womanizing by order of
  Giancana
• A Spy in the Presidents Bedroom
• Judith Campbel
• Jimmy Hoffa
• Indicted for receiving 1 million in illegal
  funds
• Tried for Jury Tampering
• Convicted

• Santos Trafficante
• Helping the CIA with Castro
• Kennedy kept raiding his operations
• Knew when he was beaten by Kennedy
• Carlos Marello
• Technically not a US citizen
• Deported to Guatemala and felt that he needed to
  get back at Kennedy
• By 1961 he was under 2 indictments and decided to
  lay low

18
Bobby Kennedy Contd

• Running for the Democratic candidacy for the 1968
  Election
• June 5, 1968-gave a speech accepting the
  California primary victory
• Ambassador hotel in Los Angeles
• Assassinated by Sirhan B. Sirhan
• Palestinian man angry about the US involvement in
  Israel

19
Theories on RFK Assassination

• Theory 1 Edward G. Partin-claimed Hoffa tried to
  hire him to kill RFK
• FBI determined he was telling the truth
• Theory 2 Jose Aleman witnessed Trafficante
  threat
• September 1962 No Jose, you dont understand,
  hes going to be hit
• Theory 3 Edward Becker-witness to Marcello
  threat if you chop off the tail, the dog will
  keep biting, you chop off the head the dog will
  die

20
1968 Election

• Democrat-Hubert Humphrey
• Republican-Richard Nixon
• Independent-George Wallace
• LBJ had withdrawn his candidacy earlier in 1968
• Nixon became President

21
Man on the Moon

• Apollo 11
• July 20, 1969
• Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin
• Thats one small step for man, one giant leap
  for man kind
• Fulfilled Kennedys prediction of landing on the
  moon by the end of the 1960s

22
Woodstock

• August 15-18, 1969
• Held in Bethal, New York
• 500,000 flower children occupied a dairy farm
  for the 3 days
• 1 died of a drug overdose, 1 fell off
  scaffolding, 1 was in a sleeping bag and run over
  by a tractor

• A collection of bands and artists from around the
  country
• A culmination of the hippie movement
• Relatively non-violent
• Tried to repeat it in 1979
• Used Hells Angels as security
• Ended up being a violent, non-Woodstock event

23
(No Transcript)
24
Apollo 13
Jack Swigert- August 30, 1931- December 27,
1982 Denver, Colorado

• Supposed to be the 3rd moon landing
• Manned by Jim Lovell, Jack Swigert, Fred Haise
• April 14, 1970-Stirring of the oxygen tank caused
  an explosion
• Returned April 17, 1970
• NASAs Most Successful Failure
• Jack Swigert was elected to Congress from
  Colorado in 1982
• Died of bone cancer before he could take office

• Statue resides in Washington,
• One of 2 Colorado Statues
• One of 2 statues that breaks
• The rules. The other is from
• Hawaii.

25
Kent State

• May 4, 1970
• Kent State University, Ohio
• Students were protesting the American invasion
  into Cambodia
• May 1-demonstration in the courtyard
• May 2-mayor declares a state of emergency and the
  National Guard is sent to Kent State
• May 3-Rally is organized and broken up by tear
  gas
• May 4-Rally was scheduled at noon
• National Guard was called to try to disperse the
  crowd
• 2,000 students had appeared to protest
• Guards fired on the students and 4 were killed

Mary Ann Vecchio (14) over the body of Jeremy
Miller. Photograph by John Filo. Won the
Pulitzer Prize in 1970
26
Pentagon Papers

• Discussed US-Vietnam relations from 1945-1967
• 7,000 pages of top secret government documents
• Created a credibility gap between what Johnson
  had told the public and what was happening in
  Vietnam
• Leaked to the New York Times in 1971

27
1972 Olympics

• Held in Munich, Germany
• First Olympics held in Germany since Hitlers
  1936 in Berlin
• Black September-Terrorist Organization
• Held 9 Israeli athletes hostage and killed 2
  others
• An unsuccessful rescue attempt led to the
  massacre of all the athletes and all but 3
  terrorists were killed

28
OPEC

• Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
• International organization including the
  following countries
• Iraq, Indonesia, Iran, Kuwait, Libya, Angola,
  Algeria, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United
  Arab Emirates, and Venezuela
• Decide on quotas for exportation of oil
• 1970s-had a very strong agreement and drove up
  the price of oil and caused a gas shortage around
  the United States

29
Equal Rights Amendment

• Equal Rights regardless of Sex (gender)
• Section 1. Equality of rights under the law shall
  not be denied or abridged by the United States or
  by any State on account of sex.
• Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to
  enforce, by appropriate legislation, the
  provisions of this article.
• Section 3. This amendment shall take effect two
  years after the date of ratification.
• 35 states ratified it of 38
• 5 of the 35 rescinded their votes before the 1982
  deadline

30
Nixon in China

• February 21-28, 1972
• First step towards US/Chinese relations
• US broke off relations with the Republic of China
  (Taiwan) and committed itself to the Peoples
  Republic of China

31
Stagflation

• Out of control inflation along with combined with
  slow output and rising unemployment
• Began under Nixons Presidency in 1969

32
Watergate Scandal

• June 17, 1972
• 5 men were arrested for breaking into the
  Democratic National Headquarters
• Theyd been there on May 27 and 28 and needed to
  fix the wiretaps

33
Significance of Watergate

• Revealed the dirty tricks squad of CREEP (the
  Committee to Re-Elect the President)
• Enemies list
• The Plumbers-to plug leaks from the Presidents
  office
• Secret slush fund

• Deep Throat
• Gave anonymous tips to the Washington Post that
  linked Nixon to the cover up
• William Mark Felt Sr.
• FBI 2nd in Command to J. Edgar Hoover
• Revealed himself in May 2005

34
Resignations

• April 30, 1973
• Nixon must ask for the resignations of his top
  two aids
• H.R. Haldeman
• John Ehrlichman

35
Nixons Involvement

• The Tapes
• Nixon wanted his dealings to be saved for
  posterities sake
• Archibald Cox-Attorney General
• Subpoenaed the tapes
• Nixon refused to turn them over to Cox
• Claimed executive privilege
• Saturday Night Massacre-October 20, 1973
• Nixon continued firing people until he could find
  someone willing to fire Cox

36
Watergate Scandal

• United States v. Nixon
• July 24, 1974
• Decided that Nixons claims of executive
  privilege in not releasing the tapes was void
• July 30, 1974-Nixon released the tapes
• Mysteriously 19 minutes of the tapes had been
  deleted

37
Nixons Resignation

• July 27, 1974
• House began impeachment process voting 27 to 11
  to impeach
• Nixon was to be charged with obstruction of
  justice, abuse of power and contempt of congress
• August 8, 1974-Nixon announced he would resign as
  President effective August 9 at noon
• September 8, 1974-Nixon was pardoned by President
  Gerald Ford