Checkpoint Answers

1
Checkpoint Answers

• Test 4
• Chapters 13, 14, 15

2
Chapter 13 Checkpoint 1

• 1. How does the circulatory system provide
  protection for the body? A. prevents blood loss
  through clottingB. leukocytes fight
  infectionC. provides the body's immunityD. All
  of the choices are correct
• 2. Blood is composed of formed elements and
  plasma. (T/F)
• 3. The "buffy coat" is made up of thrombocytes
  and leukocytes. (T/F)
• 4. How much blood does the average-sized adult
  have?  5 liters
• 5. Having no nucleus, a biconcave shape, and the
  function of gas transport would describe a(n)
  __RBC__________. 

3
Checkpoint 2

• 1. The heart is made up of right and left
  _atria__ and __ventricles___.
• 2. The pathway of blood form the heart to the
  lungs and back to the heart is the _pulmonary_
  _circuit_.
• 3. The mitral valve is one of the two semilunar
  valves. F
• 4. The first heart sound is produced by the ____A
  V_____ valves closing.
• 5. Heart murmurs can be caused by a hole in the
  interatrial septum, called a _septal_ _defect__.

4
Checkpoint 3

• 1. Systole refers to the _contraction_ of the
  heart.  Diastole refers to the _relaxation_ of
  the heart.
• 2 What part of the heart's conduction system acts
  as the primary pacemaker? A. SA node B. AV
  nodeC. Bundle of His D. Purkinje fibers
• 3. The _AV bundle_ conducts impulses from the AV
  node to branches which lead to the Purkinje
  fibers. 
• 4. The T wave of the ECG represents _ventricular
  _ _repolarization__.
• 5. The P wave of an ECG represents __atrial__
  _depolarization__.

5
Checkpoint 4

• 1. What are the three coats that comprise the
  walls of arteries and veins?
• tunica intima (interna), tunica media, tunica
  externa 
• 2. Which vessels are most important for
  controlling resistance to blood flow? arterioles
• 3. What assists venous return? Skeletal muscle
  pump, respiratory pump
• 4. What are the 3 types of capillaries?
• A. continuous
• B. discontinuous
• C. fenestrated

6
Checkpoint 5

• 1. Cardiac rates slower than 60 beats per minute
  indicate bradycardia. 
• 2. Cardiac rates faster than 100 beats per minute
  indicate tachycardia. 
• 3. _________ AV node block occurs when the rate
  of impulse conduction through the AV node exceeds
  0.20 second. A. First-degree B. Second-degreeC
  . Third-degree D. Fourth-degree
• 4. Which of the following is true of
  atherosclerosis? A. It is most likely an
  inflammatory disease.B. Blood C-reactive protein
  levels are better predictors than LDL cholesterol
  levels.C. Antioxidants may be used to prevent or
  treat it.D. All of the choices are correct.

7
Checkpoint 6

• 1. The thoracic duct drains lymph into the left
  subclavian vein. 
• 2. Which of the following is NOT a lymphatic
  organ? A. tonsils B. lymph nodesC. thymus D
  . spleen
• 3. Lymphatic vessels form a complete, closed
  circuit around the body. False

8
Chapter 14 Checkpoint 1

• 1. Cardiac output is equal to heart rate x stroke
  volume.
• 2. The effect of acetylcholine binding to its
  receptors in the heart is a heart rate (increase/
  decrease).
• 3. Norepinephrine is released from sympathetic
  nerves, causing heart rate to increase. 
• 4. The volume of blood in the ventricles at the
  end of diastole is known as the end diastolic
  volume.
• 5. According to the Frank-Starling Law of the
  heart, as contraction strength increases the
  stroke volume (increases/ decreases)
• 6. Venous return is increased by all of the
  following EXCEPT A. exhalation.B. the skeletal
  muscle pump.C. hypertension.D. sympathetic
  stimulation of the veins.

9
Checkpoint 2

• 1. Edema may result from (increased/ decreased)
  plasma protein concentrations. 
• 2. Hydrostatic pressure is (higher/lower) and
  colloid osmotic pressure is (higher/lower) at the
  arterial end of a capillary. 
• 3. Aldosterone is a steroid hormone secreted by
  the adrenal cortex which stimulates salt
  reabsorption in the kidneys. 
• 4. Blood volume would be increased
  by A. decreased vasopressin secretion.B. decreas
  ed aldosterone secretion.C. increased renin
  secretion.D. increased atrial natriuretic factor
  secretion.

10
Checkpoint 3

• 1. For blood to flow, there must be a pressure
  difference in different parts of the vascular
  system. (T/F)
• 2. A decrease in total peripheral resistance
  would cause blood flow to (increase/decrease).
• 3. Sympathetic stimulation of cholinergic fibers
  in the arterioles of skeletal muscle will
  produce A. vasoconstriction. B. vasodilation.
  C. no effect.
• 4. Parasympathetic stimulation of arterioles is a
  major contributor to total peripheral
  resistance. (T/F)

11
Checkpoint 4

• 1. During exercise, all of the following occur
  EXCEPT A. increased stroke volume.B. increased
  cardiac rate.C. shunting of blood from visceral
  organs to skeletal muscle and heart.D. increased
  vasoconstriction of coronary arteries.
• 2. Cardiovascular changes resulting from moderate
  exercise include A. increased total peripheral
  resistance.B. increased blood flow to the
  skin.C. increased visceral blood
  flow.D. decreased stroke volume.
• 3. Resistance in cerebral blood vessels is
  decreased by hypoventilation.  (T/F)
• 4. End-diastolic volume is decreased during
  exercise because of the increased heart rate. 
  (T/F)

12
Checkpoint 5

• 1. Myogenic regulation in the brain helps keep
  cerebral blood flow constant despite changes in
  systemic blood pressure. (T/F)
• 2. In response to increased internal temperature
  blood flow to the skin will A. increase.B. decr
  ease.C. remain unchanged.
• 3. Astrocytes play an important role in
  regulation of blood flow in the brain.  (T/F)

13
Checkpoint 6

• 1. Arterial blood pressure is influenced
  by A. vasoconstriction. B. cardiac
  rate.C. cardiac output. D. All of the choices
  are correct.
• 2. Which blood vessels have the highest
  cross-sectional area? capillaries
• 3. Inhibition of the baroreceptor reflex would
  not allow for proper regulation of all
  but A. cardiac rate. B. stroke
  volume.C. respiratory rate. D. blood pressure.
• 4. Which of the following is NOT a result of
  stimulation of atrial stretch receptors? A. stimu
  lates reflex tachycardia B. increased secretion
  of ANPC. decreased water excretion D. inhibitio
  n of ADH
• 5. The mean arterial pressure of a person with a
  blood pressure of 128/68 would be 88.

14
Checkpoint 7

• 1. Primary hypertension results as a complication
  of another disease. F
• 2. An adult with a blood pressure of 130/95 would
  have mild hypertension. T
• 3. A person with a decreased blood pressure,
  rapid pulse, and cold clammy skin would be
  suffering from hypovolemic shock.
• 4. Dangerously low blood pressure that results
  from infection is septic shock.

15
Chapter 15 Checkpoint 1

• 1. The two categories of immune defensive
  mechanisms are innate (non-specific and acquired
  (specific). 
• 2. Neutrophils and monocytes are able to leave
  the blood and enter tissues via diapedesis. (T/F)
• 3. Which of the following is involved in specific
  immunity? A. mucus B. macrophagesC. neutrophil
  s D. lymphocytes
• 4. Interferons A. stimulate viral
  replication. B. provide humoral
  immunity.C. provide nonspecific
  immunity. D. are produced by viruses.
• 5. B lymphocytes are responsible for
  cell-mediated immunity. (T/F) 
• 6. The characteristic symptoms of local
  inflammation include redness, warmth, swelling,
  pain, and pus. (T/F)

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Checkpoint 2

• 1. Antigens are used to induce a passive immune
  response. F
• 2. Allergic reactions could be minimized if the
  synthesis of immunoglobulin IgE was blocked. 
• 3. Antibodies cause direct destruction of
  antigens and pathogenic organisms. F
• 4. Opsonization is the ability of antibodies and
  complements to enhance phagocytosis.
• 5. Complement fragments stimulate all of the
  following EXCEPT A. chemotaxis. B. opsonizatio
  n.C. histamine release. D. antibody
  production.

17
Checkpoint 3

• 1. T lymphocytes mature in the thymus.
• 2. Inhibiting the actions of helper T lymphocytes
  may impair humoral immunity. (T/F)
• 3. Helper T cell activation occurs more readily
  if the antigen presenting cells
  are A. dendritic cells and macrophages.B. macro
  phages and mast cells.C. B and T
  lymphocytes.D. neutrophils and basophils.
• 4. Tissue transplants should have matching MHC
  molecules to prevent rejection in the host.
• 5. The binding of FAS and its FAS ligand will
  trigger A. interferon release. B. T lymphocyte
  activation.C. antibody production. D. T
  lymphocyte apoptosis.

18
Checkpoint 4

• 1. Immunological memory is responsible for the
  rapid secondary response to an antigen. (T/F)
• 2. The secondary immune response occurs faster,
  is stronger, and lasts longer than the primary
  immune response. 
• 3. The clonal selection of B lymphocytes A. occur
  s due to the previous response of an individual
  to an antigen.B. results in the development of
  plasma and memory cells.C. results in an
  attenuated response the second time an individual
  is exposed to the antigen.D. All of the choices
  are correct.
• 4. Colostrum provides infants with passive
  immunity. 

19
Checkpoint 5

• 1. Benign tumors grow rapidly and can be
  dispersed throughout the body. (T/F)
• 2. What substance released by NK cells and
  cytotoxic T cells destroys the DNA of an infected
  cell? A. perforinB. interleukin-1C. interferon
  D. granzyme
• 3. The incidences of cancer decrease with aging.
  (T/F)

20
Checkpoint 6

• 1. Autoimmune diseases include Grave's disease,
  myasthenia gravis, and rheumatic fever. (T/F)
• 2. Abnormal T cell response results in delayed
  hypersensitivity with the secretion
  of A. histamine. B. lymphokines.C. interleuki
  n. D. antibodies.
• 3. Which is true of immediate hypersensistivity
  reactions? A. B cells are involved.B. IgE
  antibodies are the immune effectors.C. Antihistia
  mines can be used to treat them.D. All of the
  choices are correct
• 4. Immediate hypersensitivity is mediated by
  ________, while delayed hypersensitivity is
  mediated by ___________. A. T lymphocytes,
  antibodies B. histamine, leukotrienesC. antibod
  ies, T lymphocytes D. histamine, haptens