Fusion for Earth and Space

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Fusion for Earth and Space
Pharis E. Williams
Presented at SPESIF 2009 Space, Propulsion and
Energy Sciences International Forum Von Braun
Center, Huntsville, AL February 24 - 26, 2009
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• Fusion has long held the promise of a future
  energy source.
• A promise it has yet to fulfill due to
• The size of current fusion equipment,
• Radiation hazards of the current fusion process
• Others

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• Quantization provides a new for the electrostatic
  potential.
• This new potential for allows fusion to approach
  the fulfillment of its promise by
• Reducing the size of the required fusion
  equipment,
• Eliminating all radiation hazards of the fusion
  process

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NON-SINGULAR ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL
In 1918 Weyl introduced his scale factor as a
means of introducing electromagnetism into
Einsteins General Theory of relativity.
The Weyl Scale Factor
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Einstein discredited Weyls unifying attempt by
pointing out the path dependence of the scale
factor appeared to counter the experimental facts
in atomic independence of history.
Schrödinger thought it interesting that all
Bohr-Summerfield orbits required Weyls scale
factor to be unity (1922).
London showed that, given the electrostatic gauge
potential, requiring the Weyl scale factor to be
unity forced the paths to be those given by
Schrödinger's wave equations (1927).
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Since the Weyl scale factor is
A unity scale factor requires
meaning
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Since the Weyl scale factor is
A unity scale factor requires
meaning
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London asked, What paths are possible if only
the electrostatic potential were non-zero and the
scale factor were unity?
We now ask, What potentials are possible if they
are to be independent of the path and the scale
factor is to be unity?
Unity scale factor requires that
Path independence requires that
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Path independence requires that
And Maxwells equations require
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A deuterium nucleus contains two protons in orbit
around an electron
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Two aligned deuterium nuclei
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A helium nucleus
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The fusion potential is a positive well
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A possible reactor setup cooling material with
coolant channels surrounding the heat producing
core.
Gamma absorber
Deuteride fuel
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Large Scale Reactors boiling water or by a
pressurized water system

• Power plants
• Ships
• 10 MW and greater

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Large Scale Reactors 10 MW and greater boiling
water or by a pressurized water system

• Power plants
• Ships

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Intermediate Scale Reactors 0.5-5 MW Direct
steam generation or thermoelectric

• Manufacturing plants
• Locomotives
• Over the road trucks (steam?)
• Delivery trucks (thermoelectric)

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Small Scale Reactors lt0.5 MW thermoelectric

• Homes
• Remote locations
• Private autos

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Space Reactors thermoelectric
May require additional thickness of thermo diodes
or other engineering considerations due to the
temperature and thermal conductivity of space.
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THE IMPACT OF FUSION REACTORS

• Reduction of Fossil Fuel Use
• Economic Impact
• Economic Impact on Energy Production
• Economic Impact on Energy Distribution

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CONCLUSION

• The non-singular potential leads to a prediction
  of a low energy fusion reactor in which two
  deuterium nuclei preferentially fuse to a helium
  nucleus.
• This reaction has NO radiation in the material
  supply stream, the reaction, or the waste stream.
  
• The reactor concept allows for a wide range in
  reactor sizes.
• Such a reactor may have a dramatic impact upon
  fossil fuel usage, climate, and various
  economies.

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