Classification

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Classification
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Species of Organisms

• There are 13 billion known species of organisms
• This is only 5 of all organisms that ever
  lived!!!!!
• New organisms are still being found and
  identified

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What is Classification?

• Classification is the arrangement of organisms
  into orderly groups based on their similarities
• Classification is also known as taxonomy (the
  science of naming and classifying organisms).
• Taxonomists are scientists that identify name
  organisms (based on shape and structure)

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Benefits of Classifying

• Accurately uniformly names organisms
• Prevents misconceptions such as starfish
  jellyfish that aren't really fish
• Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all
  names

Seahorse??
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Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names
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Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists
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Early Taxonomists

• 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first
  taxonomist
• Aristotle divided organisms into plants animals
• He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea,
  or air dwellers

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Early Taxonomists

• John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin
  for naming
• His names were very long descriptions telling
  everything about the plant

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Carolus Linnaeus1707 1778

• Classified organisms by their structure
• Developed naming system still used today
• Called the Father of Taxonomy

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Carolus Linnaeus

• Developed the modern system of naming known as
  binomial nomenclature (two names)
• Genus species
• -Genus is always capitalized and species is not.
  Both words are in italics or underlined.

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Binomial Nomenclature
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Classification Groups

• Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which
  related organisms are placed
• There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from
  broadest to most specific
• Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,
  species

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Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups

• Kingdom
• Phylum (Division used for plants)
• Class
• Order
• Family
  
  
• Genus
• Species

BROADEST TAXON
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• King
• Phillip
• Came
• Over
• For
• Good
• spaghetti

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• The Six Kingdoms include
• Protista (Protists)
• Fungi
• Plantae (Plants)
• Animalia (Animals)
• Archaebacteria
• Eubacteria

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Protista

• Includes such organisms as algae, seaweed,
  paramecium, euglena, and other forms of
  microscopic pond life.
• Most are one-celled but there are a few
  multicellular like the seaweed.

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Fungi

• Includes such things as mushrooms, mold and
  yeasts.
• Most are multicellular except yeast which is used
  to make bread.

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Plantae

• Multicellular
• Absorb sunlight to make glucose Photosynthesis
• Includes trees, grass and mosses.

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Animalia

• Multicellular
• Feed on plants and/or animals
• Includes everything from lions, tigers, bears to
  bugs and microscopic organisms.

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Archaebacteria are the extreme organisms
because they live in harsh environments.
Archaea are found in sewage treatment plants and
around deep ocean thermal vents, etc.
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• Eubacteria
• Includes organisms that cause human
  illness (like strep throat) and
  spoil food (like
• soured milk). However, a lot of
  bacteria are
• helpful. Bacteria in the intestines
  of animals
• help with digestion of food.
  

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Dichotomous Keying

• Used to identify organisms
• Characteristics given in pairs
• Read both characteristics and either go to
  another set of characteristics OR identify the
  organism

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Example of Dichotomous Key

• 1a Tentacles present Go to 2
• 1b Tentacles absent Go to 3
• 2a Eight Tentacles Octopus
• 2b More than 8 tentacles 3
• 3a Tentacles hang down go to 4
• 3b Tentacles uprightSea Anemone
• 4a Balloon-shaped bodyJellyfish
• 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5