Title: Essential Question:
1- Essential Question
- What factors led to the outbreak of the Civil War
contributed to Confederate successes from 1861
to 1863?
2Secession the Outbreak of the Civil War
3Secession in the South
- Lincolns election led to secession by 7 states
in the Deep South but that did not necessarily
mean civil war - Two things had to happen first
- One last failed attempt to reconcile the North
South - The North had to use its military to protect the
Union
The failed Crittenden Compromise in 1860
Fort Sumter, South Carolina
4The Upper South did not view Lincolns election
as a death sentence did not secede immediately
Some Northerners thought the U.S. would be better
off if the South was allowed to peacefully secede
SC seceded on Dec 20,1860
The entire Deep South seceded by Feb 1861
Lame duck Buchanan took no action to stop the
South from seceding
5The Decision to Secede
6What is the United States?
- The Southern decision to secede was based on old
arguments - The USA was a compact between states, not a
national govt above the states - Therefore, states could leave the Union freely
peacefully - States rights must be protected as a guarantee
of liberty
Individuals have the right to own property
(slaves) have the right to have their property
returned (Fugitive Slave Law)
Southerners had threatened secession during a
Congressional debate over slavery in 1790, the
Missouri Crisis of 1820, the Nullification Crisis
of 1832, the crisis over California in 1850
7Secession the Formation of the Confederate
States of America
The CSA constitution resembled the U.S., but with
4 key changes (1) it protected states rights,
(2) guaranteed slavery, (3) referenced God, (4)
prohibited protective tariffs
On Feb 4, 1861, the Confederate States of America
were formed
Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis was elected
CSA president
8The Deep South Secedes
- Moderate Republicans proposed the Crittenden
Compromise to lure the South back into the Union - offered to extend the Missouri Compromise line to
the Pacific - promised a Constitutional amendment to protect
slavery - Both Lincoln Davis rejected the
compromise leaving the North with 2 choices
The South rejected it because they had created a
new nation
Lincoln rejected it because he was committed to
free soil
Allow for peaceful separationOR fight to
preserve the Union
9Fort Sumter, South Carolina
In April 1861, a skirmish at Fort Sumter, SC led
to the 1st shots fired of the Civil War
10Effects of Fort Sumter
The attack rallied unified the North for war
Civil War was not technically between slave
states free states (the border states of MO,
KY, DE, MD did not secede)
Many pro-slavery border states (Arkansas, TN, NC,
VA) viewed Fort Sumter as an act of aggression
by the North joined the CSA
11Adjusting to Total War
12Northern Advantages
- At the outbreak of the Civil War, the North had
lots of advantages - Larger population for troops
- Greater industrial capacity
- Huge edge in RR transportation
- Problem for the North
- Had to invade the South to win
- Difficult to maintain enthusiasm support for
war over time
13Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, 1861
14Southern Advantages
- Although outnumbered less industrial, South had
advantages - President Davis knew that they did not have to
win the war the South only had to drag out the
fight make the North quit - Had the best military leaders
- England France appeared more willing to support
the South
King Cotton diplomacy
Robert E Stonewall
J.E.B. Lee Jackson Stuart
15Winfield Scotts Anaconda Plan
Southern strategy was an offensive defense
drag out the war strategically attack the North
to destroy Northern morale
Take the CSA capital at Richmond
Take control of the Mississippi River
George McClellan was in charge of Army of the
Potomac
Ulysses Grant in the West
Blockade the Southern coast
Divide the West from South
16Political Leadership During the Civil War
- Davis was less effective
- concerned mainly with military duties
- neglected the economy
- obstructed by state governors who resisted
conscription
- Lincoln expanded his powers
- declared martial law
- imprisoned subversives
- briefly closed down a few newspapers
17The Diplomatic Struggle
- From 1861 to 1862, the South used cotton
diplomacy to get England France to aid them - Napoleon III favored the South but wanted England
to do so 1st - England offered belligerent status to the CSA
but otherwise chose a hands-off policy - By 1863, King Cotton diplomacy failed because
Egyptian Indian cotton filled the European
demand
18Fighting the Civil War
19The Civil War
From 1861-1863, the South consistently beat the
North due to poor Union leadership the Southern
defensive strategy
1st battle was Bull Run (Manassas, VA) on July
21, 1861 On to Richmond campaign was repulsed
by Stonewall Jackson
The U.S. CSA forces fought to a draw at
Antietam in Sept 1862the single bloodiest day of
the Civil War
20Fighting Total War
Women took govt jobs as bookkeepers, clerks
secretaries A number of women also served as
spies (Rose Greenhow, CSA)
Cone-shaped bullets grooved barrel rifles
- The Civil War was the worlds 1st total war in
which the entire economy was devoted to winning - North South drafted soldiers
- North South employed female workers to meet
supply demands - New weapons, old tactics, sheer numbers of
troops in battle led to massive casualties
Massive frontal assaults and massed formations
with as many as 100,000 soldiers
Repeating rifles the Gatling gun
Shrapnel, booby traps, land mines
Womens most prominent role were as nurses on the
battlefield distributing medical supplies,
organizing hospitals, offering comfort to
wounded or dying soldiers
21Battle of the Ironclads (1862) CSS Virginia vs.
USS Monitor
Confederate ironclad CSS Virginia was built using
the remains of the USS Merrimack
USS Monitor was a revolutionary design rotating
turret low profile
22Casualties of the Civil War
23- Essential Question
- What factors helped the North turn the tide of
the Civil War in 1863 that inevitably led to a
Union victory in 1865? - What factors led to the outbreak of the Civil War
contributed to Confederate successes from 1861
to 1863?
24Mobilizing the Home Fronts
The draft was unpopular among Southern governors
Northern, antiwar Copperheads
- Both the North South faced problems supporting
the war - Both sides began running out of troops in 1862,
the North South began conscription (draft) - Funding the war was difficult both sides printed
paper money (greenbacks) to accommodate spending
needs led to runaway inflation (9,000 in the
South)
25The Coming of Emancipation
- At the beginning of the war, the North was
fighting to preserve the Union, not to abolish
slavery - By mid-1862, many Northerners called for
immediate emancipation - Congress refused a gradual plan
- Many thought immediate freedom for slaves would
lure England France into alliance - Southern victories pressured the North to strike
back
26"My paramount object in this struggle is to save
the Union, and is not either to save or to
destroy slavery. If I could save the Union
without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I
could save it by freeing all the slaves I would
do it and if I could save it by freeing some and
leaving others alone I would also do that."
Abraham Lincoln, 1862
27The Emancipation Proclamation
- Union success at Antietam led Lincoln to issue
the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863 - Lincoln freed all slaves in Confederate
territories - This did not free a single slave but it gave the
North a new reason fight the Civil War - Inspired slaves to flee North
- Pushed for the 13th Amendment
Read the text of Lincolns Emancipation
Proclamation
Passed after the Civil War ended on Jan 31, 1865
28Emancipation in 1863
The border states could keep their slaves (until
13th amendment passed in 1865)
29The Tide Turns in 1863
- By early 1863, the North South both faced
morale problems - Southeconomic diplomatic collapse, runaway
slaves, many yeomen refused to fight - Northconsistent losses against Lee, draft riots
in NYC, anti-war Copperheads played on war
failures racial anxieties
New York City Draft Riot
30Fight to the Finish
- But by 1863, the war began to turn in favor of
the North - Northern supremacy in industry manpower began
to take its toll on the exhausted South - The North began enlisting blacks into the Union
army 200,000 fought as soldiers many others
served as labor in the Northern war effort
31The Civil War
Grant began a siege on Richmond and
Due to Grants success in the west, Lincoln made
Grant supreme commander of Union army in 1864
Grant devised a strategy to invade the South on
all fronts
In July 1863, General Grant took Vicksburg
gained control of the Mississippi River
Lee led an attack into the North, but lost at
Gettysburg Norths 1st real victory in the east
William Sherman began his march to
the sea (Atlanta to Savannah) destroyed
everything of military value
32Gettysburg Address
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing
whether that nation, or any nation so conceived
and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on
a great battle-field of that war. We have come to
dedicate a portion of that field, as a final
resting place for those who here gave their lives
that that nation might live. It is altogether
fitting and proper that we should do this.
The world will little note or long remember what
we say here, but it can never forget what they
did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be
dedicated here to the unfinished work which they
who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.
that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vainthat this nation,
under God, shall have a new birth of freedomand
that government of the people, by the people, and
for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we
can not consecrate, we can not hallow this
ground. For the brave men, living and dead, who
struggled here, have consecrated it far above our
poor power to add or detract.
It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the
great task remaining before usthat from these
honored dead we take increased devotion to that
cause for which they gave the last full measure
of devotion
Four score and seven years ago our forefathers
brought forth on this continent, a new nation,
conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
33Election of 1864
- Meanwhile, Lincoln faced a tough re-election in
1864 against General George McClellan - War failures were a key issue
- Radical Republicans considered dropping Lincoln
from the ticket - But, when Atlanta fell during Shermans March to
the Sea, Lincoln regained support and was
overwhelmingly reelected
In his 2nd inaugural address, Lincoln promised a
Reconstruction Plan for the Union with malice
towards none charity for all
34Union Gains in the Civil War by 1865
In April 1865, Grant faced off with Lee outside
Richmond Lee was cut off from the South
35On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at
Appomattox Courthouse, ending the fighting of
Civil War
36The Death of Lincoln
- Northern celebration was short lived On April
14, 1865, Lincoln was shot by pro-Southerner John
Wilkes Booth
37Effects of the War
38Effects of the War
- Social changes
- 618,000 troops were dead
- Women in both the North South were forced to
take on more non-domestic roles - 13th Amendment ended slavery
- Nativism decreased as many immigrants fought in
Civil War
39Effects of the War
Ended the Southern argument over nullification
states rights
- Political changes
- The Civil War established that the national govt
is supreme over the states - With no Southern opposition, Republicans passed
new laws Homestead Act (1862), Morrill Act
(1862), a protective tariff, land grants to RR
companies, a national banking system
40Conclusions
- The turning point of the war 1863
- The Civil War began as a conflict to preserve
the Union, but by 1863 it became a war for human
liberty (Emancipation Proclamation was issued) - The South dominated the early campaigns of the
war due, but by 1863 (Gettysburg) the weight of
Northern industry population wore down the South