?????? Catalysis in industrial processes - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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?????? Catalysis in industrial processes

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Catalysis in industrial processes – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: ?????? Catalysis in industrial processes


1
??????Catalysis in industrial processes
  • ?????????????

2
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  • ???????
  • ???????
  • ????????
  • ????????
  • ????????
  • ????????
  • ???????????????????????

3
????????
  • ??????????????
  • ?????
  • ???
  • ????
  • ??????

4
????????
  • ???????????
  • ?????????????
  • ???d???(?B??B??B??)?????????1-2?S????1-10d???
  • ??????
  • ????1-2???,????1-10?d??,(n-1)dns???????????Cu,Ag
    ,Au?d????????,??d???????s???,??d??????????????????
    ?????d???????????

5
(No Transcript)
6
????
  • ???????????????????????????,???N?????????N????????
    ???????,????????,????N???,?????????????

7
  • ??????????,??????
  • s?????S???????,???,??????
  • d?????d???????,????,??????
  • ??????????Fermi???

8
  • ????????
  • ?????????????,????????????????????????????????????
    ???????,??????????????????????????????????????T???
    ???,????????????Ej???????????f(Ej)(?????????)EF???
    ????????????????????????????????

9
  • ?T ????????????
  • Ø ??,??T 0k ??EF E0F
  • (1)Ejlt E0F?
  • ??????????E0
  • F?????????????1?
  • ????

10
  • (2)?Ejgt E0F?

11
????????s?p?d???????
12
????????d??????????
  • ???????????????
  • ?????(Fe?Co?Ni)?d ???????
  • ???????????d???2.2,1.7,0.6
  • d??????????????????,???????????
  • ??3
  • Fe2.2 (d??),?(1.7) ?(0.6) ???????????,????Fe????
    ?
  • ??4
  • ????,??????????1??Pt(0.55) Pd(0.6)????????

13
????????????
  • ??????????????????????????????????
  • ??????????????,??????????,??????????????????
  • ?????????,?d?????Cr?Mo?W?Mn????H2??????,?????????
    ,????????Ni?Pd?Pt?H2?????????????,????????????
  • ??,??????????????,????????????????????????????

14
????
  • ????????????????,???????s?p?d??????????,???spd?dsp
    ????????d????????????d?????,????d????????????????
    ????????????????d??,????d???????????,d???????????
    ?d?40-50?????

15
?????
  • ?????????,5?d????????,?????????????????,?????????,
    ??t2g???eg?????????dxy?dzx?dzy????dx2-y2?dz2
    eg???,t2g????
  • ??????????,????????????????????
  • ????????????,eg??????,????s??,t2g?????????????,???
    ???p??,????????????????????

16
????????
  • ??????????
  • ?????,???????????
  • ?????,????????????????
  • ????????X0.355f
  • ??X?????,f?????
  • ?Ni????f4.71eV,????
  • ??,X1.67eV

17
??????????????????
  • ??????
  • Fe Co Ni Cr Cu Mo
  • 4.48 4.41 4.51 4.60 4.10 4.20
  • Rh Pd Ag W Re Pt
  • 4.48 4.55 4.80 4.53 5.10 5.32
  • ?????????
  • ??????????????????????? I ??????????????????

18
(No Transcript)
19
  • 1? fgtI?,????????????????,?????????????????????????
    ???????f? I??????????,????????????????????

20
  • 2?fltI?,???????????????????,???????????????????????
    ???????????f?I????,???????????????????????????????
    ??

21
  • 3? fI?,??????????,???????????,
    I?f????????????????????,???????????????,??????????
    ???????????????????,?????L?????????

22
  • ????????????????????O2,H2,N2,?????????????????????
    ?????????????NiN-,WO-????????????,????????C2H4,C
    2H2,CO(?p?)???????,?????????,???????

23
  • ????????????????????
  • (1)????????????????,????????????????
    F???,????????????
  • ??
  • ?????????O-?O2-?O???????????????F??,??????????

24
  • (2)?????????????????,????????????????,??F??,??????
    ???
  • (3)???????????????,?????????FI?????
  • ??????????????????
  • ?????????,????????????????????

25
  • ??HCOOH?H2CO2
  • ?????????HCOOH????????????????CO2?H2?
  • HCOOH???????? ??H2CO2

26
  • ??????????????
  • (1)d????????
  • (2)d?????
  • (3)?????????
  • (4)?????????????????

27
??????????
  • ??????????????????????????????????

28
????(????)
  • ????????,???????????????,?????????????a,b,c???????
    ?,?????
  • ???????????????????,??????????a,b,c????,??????????
    ??,???????,?????????????(h k l)???
  • ????????????3,3,5???????????1/31/31/5553,????
    ????(5 5 3)?

29
(No Transcript)
30
(No Transcript)
31
???????????????
  • ????(????)??????????,??????????,?????????????????
    ??,?????????????????????(213)???????5???,??????,??
    ??,??????,???????,??????????,????,?????????
  • ????,??????????????????

32
(No Transcript)
33
??????????
  • ????????????????????????,????????????????????,????
    ????,????????????????,??????Frenkel???
  • ???????????????????????????????????????,??????????
    ,??????Schottky???

34
???????????
35
(No Transcript)
36
(No Transcript)
37
?????
  • ????
  • ??(h k l)?????,????????,?????????????????5,?????
    ?????????????????????????????????????????????(755)
    5(111)2(100)4(111)(311)??5,2?(111)??(100)????(
    ???????)
  • ???????????,??????????????,?????????(h,k,I,l)

38
(No Transcript)
39
(No Transcript)
40
  • ???????????????????????
  • 7???,14?????,32?????,230????
  • ????????7????14?????

41
(No Transcript)
42
14?????
  • 1????(P)2????(I)3????(F)
  • 4????(P)5????(I)6????(P)7????(I)8????(C)9????(F
    )10??(P)11??(P)12????(P)
  • 13????(C)14??(P)

43
(No Transcript)
44
???????
AX2 SN2 ??
AX3 SN3 ????
45
AX4 SN4 ???
AX5 SN5 ????
46
AX6 SN6 ????
47
Ni ?????????????
48
?????????????????
  • ???????????????????
  • ????????,??????????
  • ????????
  • ????,?????,???????????????????????,???????????????
    ????
  • ?????????????????????????,?Frankel(????)Schottky(?
    ??)??????????????????????????

49
???????????????
  • ???D?????/(????)???
  • ??
  • ???????????????????????,???????????
  • ???????????????
  • ????????????????????????????
  • ????????????
  • ??????
  • ???????????????????????

50
  • ??????C-H????????????,???C-C?????(
    p)????????????????????
  • ?????????
  • ???,?????????????????????
  • (1)???????????????
  • (2)????????,???????????????????
  • (3)??????????????

51
  • ?????
  • ????????????????(???????????????????)
  • ?Pt/Al2O3??????????Pt?????????????????????
  • ???????????????????????????????????????,?????????
  • ?Pt/Al2O3??????????

52
  • ????????
  • ???????????,??????,???????????????????????????
  • ?????????????????????????,????????????????????????
    ???????,??????????????
  • ???????H2?N2?O2????

53
???????????
  • ????????????????
  • ?????
  • ?????????
  • Ø ?????????????????(??????)???
  • Ø ??????????,??????
  • ???????????????
  • Ø ?????????????
  • ??????????

54
???????????
  • ?????????????????????
  • ?????????
  • ?????????????????(??????)???
  • ??????????,?????????????????????
  • ?????????????
  • ??????????

55
???????????????
  • ???D?????/(????)???
  • ??
  • ???????????????????????,???????????
  • ???????????????
  • ????????????????????????????
  • ????????????
  • ??????
  • ???????????????????????

56
  • ??????C-H????????????,???C-C?????(
    p)????????????????????
  • ?????????
  • ???,?????????????????????
  • (1)???????????????
  • (2)????????,???????????????????
  • (3)??????????????

57
??????????
  • ??????????????
  • ?????Wood?Matrix
  • Wood???
  • ????(11)??
  • ?Pt(111)???????????Pt(111)-P( 11)??P??Primitive
    (??)
  • ???M(h k l)-P(q r)-a D
  • Matrix

58
????????
  • ?????????????????????,????????????????????,??????
    ???????????????????????????
  • ?????????????????,?????????????????,?????????????

59
???????????
  • ????????????????
  • ?????
  • ?????????
  • Ø ?????????????????(??????)???
  • Ø ??????????,??????
  • ???????????????
  • Ø ?????????????
  • ??????????

60
????X???(X-ray diffraction)
  • X??????,??,???????????.?????X?????????????????????
    ????,??????.?????X??????????????.

61
X????
??????????????,?????????(20-70??)??????????????,??
???????Cu,Mo??????????,?????????,?????????????1A?
????(X??)????????????????????????,???????,????????
?????????X???
62
????
  • ????????????????????,????????????????,???????,????
    ????????????????????????????????????????,?????X???
    ????,??,?X??????????????,?????????????????????

63
Bragg??
64
???
????????????????????X?????
65
?????
??????????????? ???????????
66
?i???????????
67
??????
I0?????
I ????????
µ ??????
? ????
68
??????
µm????
69
?????
?????(?????)
???(???)
70
1
???
???n?(ngt2)????,??? ??????????????, ??????????????
????????????S?? ??,???????????
71
2
???
Xs S?????
Xn ?n??????
72
??????
??????
??(Scherrer.P) 1918???
73
??
? ??X????
? ???
D ?????????
ß ?????????
74
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