Chapter 3 The Industrial Revolution

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Chapter 3The Industrial Revolution
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1. The Agricultural Revolution

• -The Industrial Revolution started in Britain as
  a result of the Agricultural Revolution, changes
  in farming greatly increased the amount and
  variety of food produced.
• 1)During the 1700s, farmers in Britain began to
  grow new crops such as potatoes and corn that
  were introduced from the American colonies.
• 2)In the 1730s, Crop Rotation was introduced.
  It was discovered that fields did not have to be
  left empty if farmers would rotate the crops they
  planted in the fields.

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1. The Agricultural Revolution (Pg 2)

• 3)New farmland machines also increased food
  production. The Seed Drill, Iron Plow and
  Mechanical Reapers was introduced that made
  farming more efficient
• 4) Changes in land ownership also contributed to
  increased food production. Wealthy land owners
  began consolidating former feudal common lands
  and making larger more efficient farms. This
  became known as the Enclosure Movement.

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2. Effects

• -The Agricultural Revolution helped set the stage
  for the Industrial Revolution.
• 1) With more food available, peoples diet and
  health improved.
• 2) As populations increased, the demand for
  manufactured goods increased.
• 3) More efficient methods of farming meant that
  fewer people need to work the lands.

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3. Changes in the Textile Industry

• -While changes in agriculture put many farmers
  out of work, inventions in the textile industry
  created new jobs.
• -During the 1500s and 1600s, families produced
  cloth at home
• (Domestic System)
• -However, the domestic system could not produce
  enough cloth to keep up with the rising demand
  for cloth

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3. Changes in the Textile Industry

• -New inventions would make producing cloth
  faster. These new machines were so large that
  they could not fit in the home and needed water
  to turn them. (Power Loom)

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3. Changes in the Textile Industry

• -In 1793, Eli Witney, an American, invented the
  Cotton Gin. It could clean cotton mechanically
  rather than by hand. The Cotton Gin increased
  the supply of raw cotton and gave factories more
  supplies.
• -New buildings needed to be built by rivers to
  power these huge machines.
• (Resulted in the Factory System)
• - Under the factory system, workers left their
  houses, and went to the mills to manufacture
  goods.

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4. Changes in Factories

• -In the mid 1700s, the Steam Powered Engine
  replaced running water as a means of powering the
  machinery of the textile industry.
• -Due to the steam engine, factories could be
  built anywhere not just by rivers
• -Steam engines also had a huge effect on
  transportation
• -Factories needed a efficient transportation
  system to survive. Coal, iron and raw materials
  needed for the factories and finished goods
  needed to leave and distributing to the cities

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5. New Transportation

• This need for a good transportation system led to
  the development of the Railroad System.
• Trains powered by steam engines traveled across
  rails to supply the factories with raw materials
  which carried finished products to the cities.
• Also, the steam engine was used to power ships.
  Decreased amount of time to bring goods across
  the Atlantic to the Americas and other port
  cities.
• Decreased time bringing goods to market More
  profits

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6. The Rise of Modern Industry

1. Food production which increased population and
   freed many laborers to work in the industry.
2. British Entrepreneurs had the capital (money) to
   invest in factories and machinery.
3. Britain had plentiful iron and coal deposits
4. It developed an excellent transportation system
   to speed the flow of goods.
5. Britain also had numerous colonies throughout the
   world to supply factories and to buy goods.

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7. New Methods of Production

• New machines and technology improve worker
  productivity.
• Interchangeable Parts were introduced.
• The Assembly Line was also introduced (complex
  jobs of assembling is broken down into small
  tasks).
• Introduction of Mass Production (or turning out
  large quantities of identical goods).

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8. Rise of Big Business

• Before the Industrial Revolution, most businesses
  were very small.
• Sole Proprietor- Operated by one person.
• Partnership- Businesses owned by two or more
  people (in a partnership people shared the
  profits and liabilities, equally).
• Corporation- Owners allowing people to buy stock,
  or ownership in their company.
• Monopoly- Corporations gaining almost complete
  control of the production and sale of a single
  good or service.

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8. The Rise of Big Business (Pg.2)

• The Industrial Revolution brought alternating
  periods of prosperity and decline. This
  alternating pattern is known as the Business
  Cycle.
• A sharp downturn in the economy is known as a
  Depression.

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9. New Ideas

• Physiocrats - A group of economists who attack
  the idea that government should control business.
• Adam Smith - Reasoned that two natural laws
  governed all business and economic activity.
• Law of Supply and Demand, as demand increased,
  supply increases and prices rise. As demand
  decreases, supply decreases and prices fall.

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9. New Ideas (Pg.2)

• Law of Competition, as manufacturers compete with
  each other to sell their products, they must
  reduce prices.
• Only the most sufficient manufacturers will
  survive.
• Social Darwinism Survival of the fittest,
  considered Classical Economics (founder Adam
  Smith).

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9. New Ideas (Pg. 3)

• Adam Smith is considered the founder of Classical
  Economics, and also believed in a system known as
  Free Enterprise.
• This economic system justified competition
  unrestricted by laws and government controls.
• Laissez-Faire, or Leave Things Alone.

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10. Socialism

• As a result of the Industrial Revolution, few
  individuals became wealthy. Most people remained
  poor, including the factory workers that drove
  the economy.
• The only way to distribute wealth more evenly was
  to change the ways of ownership, and the
  operation of means of production.

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Socialism (Pg.2)

• Socialism is the process in which the government
  owns the means of production and operates it for
  the benefit of all the people, rich and poor.
• Socialist believed that everyone, not just the
  owners, had the right to share in the profits.

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11. Utopian Socialists

• Early socialist believed that people could live
  together peacefully for a collective good. These
  individuals were referred to as Utopian Socialist.

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12. Karl Marx

• Karl Marx believed that the entire Capitalistic
  System should be destroyed.
• Marx argued about the struggle between those that
  have money, and those that do not have money (the
  wealthy, and poor).
• Marx argued that wealth is created by labor, but
  most of the wealth goes to the owners.

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12. Karl Marx (Pg.2)

• Marx believed that the poor (proletariat) must
  unite and seize power from the factory owners
  (capitalists) by force.
• Finally, society will need to evolve into a
  Classless society known as Communism.
• -These ideas were based upon The Communist
  Manifesto, which was written by Marx and
  Friedrich Engels in 1848.
• -Pure Marxist believe that capitalism should be
  overthrown in a violent revolution.

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13. Effects of the Industrial Revolution

• Thousands of factory workers crowded into poorly
  built houses.
• The citys water system was inadequate.
• Buildings had little to no sanitation. Sewage was
  simply flung out of windows into open trenches
  along the streets.
• Pollution from each factory made air quality
  poor.

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13. Effects of the Industrial Revolution (Pg.2)

1. The buildup of garbage throughout the city led to
   an abundance of rats and insects.
2. In these crowded slums, diseases spread rapidly.

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14. Working Conditions

• 1) The supply of unskilled workers was large, so
  wages were relatively low.
• 2) Due to low wages, woman and children were
  force to work.
• 3) Work hours were often 12 to 16 hours.
• 4) Fumes from machines and furnaces, combined
  with poor ventilation, made the air terrible.
• 5) Poor lighting and machines not equipped with
  safety devices led to many serious injuries, and
  death.

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15. Demands for Change

• -In order to protest these unsafe working
  conditions, workers in the same occupation,
  formed organizations called Labor Unions
• -As a united front, these unions could put
  pressure on employers to raise wages and improve
  working conditions
• -Using a process known as Collective Bargaining,
• the workers would propose a strike if the
  employer did not bring about any changes
• -From the early 1800s till the late 1800s, there
  were often outbreaks of violence between the
  union workers and strike-busters (pro-employer
  groups)
• -After the 1920s, unions and other reform groups
  influenced government to pass laws benefiting
  workers

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16. The Irish Potato Famine

• -By the 1800s, the potato, which was brought over
  from the Americas, became the staple crop for
  Ireland
• -In 1845, a crop disease, brought also from the
  Americas, started to infect the potato crop.
• -For three years, the potato crop was completely
  lost.
• -Due to malnutrition and then the onset of
  widespread disease due to unsanitary condition,
  almost 1 million Irish died.
• -Another 1 million decided to leave Ireland and
  emigrated to Britain and the United States trying
  to leave the devastation that was caused by the
  famine.
• -Due to the famine, almost 25 of the Irish
  population was lost, due to death or immigration