Two factors that affect the rate at which a population grows are natural increase and net migration.

1
Two factors that affect the rate at which a
population grows are natural increase and net
migration. (a) Explain what natural increase
is. Natural Increase is the number of births in
the country minus the number of deaths in any one
year. It does not give consideration to the
number of people who emigrate or immigrate.
2
Examine the multi-line graph below and answer
questions (b), (c), and (d) that follow.
(b) Which year experienced the highest natural
increase? 1990
3
Examine the multi-line graph below and answer
questions (b), (c), and (d) that follow. (c) How
many years have experienced a negative net
migration since 1982? 9
4
(d)(i) Which factor has the greatest influence on
population change natural increase OR net
migration? Give ONE reason for your answer to (d)
(i) with evidence from the graph. Net Migration.
The Total Population change varies as the Net
Migration line varies and the Natural Increase is
almost constant, always between 25,000 and
30,000.
5
(a) Shade and label on the map of New
Zealand (i) the THREE regions projected to
experience the highest rates of growth between
1996 and 2021. (ii) the THREE regions projected
to experience the lowest rates of growth
(decrease).
6
Table 1 Percentage of New Zealand population
born overseas Census Year
of New Zealand population born overseas 2001 19.
0 1996 17.5 1991 15.8 (a) Write a
generalisation from Table 1 about changes in New
Zealands population. The percentage of the NZ
population born overseas increased between 1991
and 2001 by 2.2.
7
Table 2 Birthplace of New Zealand citizens born
overseas 1991 and 2001 Origin 1991 2001 Unite
d Kingdom 45.7 32.5 Pacific Islands 18.2 17.0
North-East Asia 3.8 12.8 Southern
Africa 1.7 5.2 North America 2.8 3.0 (b)
Name the origin of the TWO groups in Table 2 that
show the greatest increase between1991 and
2001. (1) North East Asia (2) Southern Africa
8
(c) Describe ONE social advantage and ONE social
disadvantage of an increasingly multicultural
population. Social advantage Greater
understanding of different cultures, cultural
activities e.g. festivals, music, dance, and
different cuisines. Social disadvantage Growing
racism, racial tension, negativity or even
segregation as numbers of migrants from certain
countries increase.
9
The Pyramid with the Age?/?Sex Pyramid A, B, or
C highest birth rate A highest life expectancy
C highest median age C highest youthful
dependency A
10
(b) Identify THREE changes to New Zealands
population structure shown on the age?/?sex
pyramids. You must provide evidence of each
change from the pyramids. Change Ageing
Population. Death rates have declined because of
improvements in sanitation, health and medical
services. Birth rates have declined because of
improved access to contraception, womens
increased access to education, womens increased
status in the work place and peoples changing
attitude to the number of children they want.
People are now more likely to view large families
as an economic burden rather than an economic
asset. Ageing population has also been caused by
the post World War II baby boomers. Evidence In
1901, less than 10 of population was over 60
years, while for 2101 it is predicted that over
40 of the population will be over 60. In 1901
there were virtually no people over 90, while for
2101 over 6 of the population is predicted to be
over 90.
11
(b) Identify THREE changes to New Zealands
population structure shown on the age?/?sex
pyramids. You must provide evidence of each
change from the pyramids. Change Decrease in
youthful dependency. There has been a decline in
the birth rate because of improved access to
contraception, womens increased access to
education, womens increased status in the work
place and peoples changing attitude to the
number of children they want. People are now more
likely to view large families as an economic
burden rather than an economic asset. The
decrease in youthful dependency is also because
the death rate has declined and life expectancy
has increased. This is due to improvements in
sanitation, health and medical services.
Evidence In 1901 over 35 of the population
was under the age of 15, while for 2101 it is
predicted that only 13 of the population will be
under the age of 15.
12
(b) Identify THREE changes to New Zealands
population structure shown on the age?/?sex
pyramids. You must provide evidence of each
change from the pyramids. Change Increase in
the percentage of females. This is because in
1901 NZ still had high immigration rates. These
immigrants were coming to a frontier society and
were therefore mostly male. Over the next 50
years the gender ratio became more balanced,
although from the mid C20th women have had a
higher life expectancy than men. This may be
because women are more likely to see a doctor if
unwell, have better diets or possibly deal better
with stress. Also males in the 15 - 30 age range
have a much higher rate of accidental death than
any other group in society. Evidence In 1901
the percentage of males, especially over 30, was
noticeably larger than that of females, while in
2101 it is predicted that there will be more
females than males, especially over 70 years of
age.
13
(a) Name ONE sparsely populated area shown on the
map above. Southern Alps/South Island High
Country Volcanic Plateau North Island Western
Hill Country East Coast region. (b) Name ONE
physical factor that explains why this area is
sparsely populated. Harsh climate infertile
soils steep slopes isolation inaccessibility
harsh winter temperatures easily eroded
land. (c) Name ONE cultural factor that explains
why this area is sparsely populated. Lack of
jobs lack of large cities few access roads
large farms.
14
(d) With the use of diagrams, explain how TWO
physical factors have influenced New Zealands
population distribution. Your answer must make
specific reference to New Zealand. Physical
Factor One Areas with steep slopes have low
population densities because they are unsuitable
for intensive land uses such as horticulture or
dairy farming. In the South Island High Country
horticulture farmers cannot use machinery, while
cows use too much energy walking on hills. Milk
production therefore decreases and livestock
management is difficult. Farmers on the
Canterbury Plains can use machinery and manage
livestock easily, so more people live in these
areas. Physical Factor Two Farmers find it
difficult to farm intensively in areas with a
harsh climate, in particular where there are cold
temperatures in winter. In the South Island High
Country, grass does not grow when average
temperatures are below 8o, so cows could not
graze outside. Crops such as apples are also
difficult to grow in cold temperatures. In the
north of the country e.g. Auckland the average
temperature is warmer e.g. 11o in winter, so cows
can graze and there is a longer growing season.
15
Name and describe TWO internal migration trends.
Give a reason for each. Trend Northward
Drift Description Growing proportion of people
living in the North Island. Reason More
intensive agriculture eg Waikato, better job
opportunities in cities such as Auckland and
Wellington, and warmer climates in places such as
Tauranga and the Kapiti Coast have attracted
people to the North.
16
Name and describe TWO internal migration trends.
Give a reason for each. Trend Rural Urban
Drift / Rural Depopulation Description People
moving from rural to urban areas. Reason Better
job opportunities, greater access to services
e.g. schools and hospitals and more entertainment
and social activities in cities such as Auckland,
Wellington and Christchurch. Mechanisation and
farm amalgamation have decreased employment
prospects in rural areas, causing people to leave
rural areas. The privatisation in the 1980s and
1990s caused many services and amenities in rural
areas e.g. banks, post offices, hospitals,
railways to close.
17
Name and describe TWO internal migration trends.
Give a reason for each. Trend Urbanisation De
scription Growing proportion of people living
in urban areas. Reason Population of cities
growing faster than that in rural areas due to
migration of people into cities. People move
because of better job opportunities, greater
access to services e.g. schools, hospitals, more
entertainment and social activities in cities
such as Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch.
Mechanisation and farm amalgamation have
decreased employment prospects in rural areas.
International migrants are more likely to live in
the larger cities with international airports,
where they originally land in New Zealand.
18
Name and describe TWO internal migration trends.
Give a reason for each. Trend Suburban
Sprawl Description Growth outwards of cities
onto surrounding farmlands. Reason As more
people move to cities, growth of housing to
accommodate these new people occurs at the edges
of cities in new suburbs developed on farm land
surrounding the cities e.g. the Albany Basin and
Flat Bush areas on the edge of Auckland.
19
Name and describe TWO internal migration trends.
Give a reason for each. Trend Stepwise
Migration Description Migration to a large
city e.g. Wellington takes place in a series of
steps, involving first a migration from a rural
area to a smaller rural centre e.g. Palmerstone
North and then to the larger city. Reason Peopl
e migrate in steps because of proximity. Often
people will move from a rural area or small town
to a settlement that is larger than where they
live because it is close to where they
originated. They are more familiar with this town
and it is more likely they will have family or
friends there. Eventually they move to
progressively larger towns and cities.
20
Name and describe TWO internal migration trends.
Give a reason for each. Trend Movement Within
Cities Description People move residence
within cities. Traditionally this movement has
been outwards, to new suburbs at the edge of
towns, although since the 1970s there has been
some movement of people back to the centre of
cities. Reason As cities grow in size new
suburbs are developed at the edge of cities
because of available space for expansion. This
process is occurring in Auckland, where suburbs
like Albany and Flat Bush have grown at the edge
of the city. Since the 1907s people have started
moving back into the centre of cities, often as a
way to avoid lengthy commuting or traffic or to
take advantage of the entertainment close at
hand. Inner city suburbs such as Ponsonby in
Auckland and apartment living have increased
dramatically as a result.
21
New Zealand has an ageing population structure.
Write paragraphs to discuss the 1.) reasons for
New Zealands ageing population Specific
reference to a named case study must be made.
NZ has an ageing population. This means that
the proportion of people who are over 60 is
increasing, from 4 in 1901 to 12 in 1999. There
are several factors which have caused this. Since
the late 1880s NZ has had a lowering death rate.
Improvements in medical and health practices,
improved sanitation e.g. effluent disposal and
safe running water have caused the death rate to
drop from 40 per 1,000 in 1880 to 17 per 1,000 in
2001. These effects have been felt most
significantly in the two most at risk groups the
young and elderly. Infant mortality (the death
rate of babies under 1) has declined, while life
expectancy (the average to which people would be
expected to live at birth) has increased to 81
for women and 76 for men in 2001, up from 72 and
66 in 1952. At the same time NZs birth rate has
declined from 38 per 1,000 in 1880 to 16 per
1,000 in 2001. This change has happened because
of improved knowledge and wider availability of
family planning and birth control, improved
employment and educational opportunities for
women (so women are having their first child at
30 rather than 22) and a changing perception of
children as a burden to an improved living
standard rather than an economic asset. The other
significant cause is the post WWII baby boom
which saw a temporary increase in the birth rate
from 1945 until 1960 following the return of
servicemen. The baby boomers (the people born
during the period) are now getting older.
22
New Zealand has an ageing population structure.
Write paragraphs to discuss the 2.) issues and
consequences Specific reference to a named case
study must be made. There are several issues
associated with an ageing population. The smaller
working age population will be forced to support
a growing elderly dependent population. One of
the major issues is the cost of providing
specialist facilities and medical care for the
elderly e.g. retirement homes, rehabilitation
centres. Such facilities may be expensive and due
to rising life expectancy the care provided may
be needed for many years. Also, elderly people
suffering from illnesses may become a burden to
their families. There are problems with the
underuse of resources that may have been provided
in the past for the declining younger groups e.g.
schools may need to be closed. Another problem
will occur when the baby boomers reach retirement
and the cost of providing superannuation may
become a burden for the country. The problem may
worsen in the future since if ageing continues NZ
may have problems finding enough people for the
workforce. Immigration may need to be encouraged
to overcome these shortages. However, not all the
issues are negative. It is likely that skills,
knowledge and values of older people will be
valued and the elderly will be more likely to
provide support to their families or others.