Human Anatomy

1
Human Anatomy Physiology

• Mrs. Hodges
• Room A204
• Per 1, 2, 3

2
Anatomical Directions

• Anatomical position
• Illustrated at the left
• Anatomical Directions-(for the biped)
• Anterior (ventral) vs. Posterior (dorsal)
• Medial vs. Lateral
• Superior (cranial) vs. Inferior (caudal)
• Superficial vs. Deep
• Proximal vs. Distal
• Anatomical Planes
• Frontal Coronal
• Transverse Cross Section
• Sagittal

3
Cell Connections

• Cells are connected to neighboring cells via
• Proteins adjacent proteins in membranes fuse to
  form
• Cell Junctions
• Tight Junctions - plasma membrane of adjacent
  cells fuse impermeable
• Desmosomes-adhesive spots on lateral sides
• Gap junction-spot-like junction occurring
  anywhere, lets small molecules pass

4
(No Transcript)
5
Histology

• Study of tissues
• A tissue is a group of cells with similar
  structure and embryonic origin working together
  to perform a particular function in the body.

6
Tissues groups of cells closely associated that
have a similar structure and perform a related
function

• Four types of tissue
• A. Epithelial covering/lining
• B. Connective support
• C. Muscle movement
• D. Nervous control
• Most organs contain all 4 types

7
A. EPITHELIAL TISSUE sheets of cells that
cover a surface or line a cavity

• Functions
• Protection
• Secretion
• Absorption

8
How are epithelial tissues classified?

• Shape
• Squamous
• Cuboidal
• Columnar
• Number of Layers
• Simple single layer
• Stratified many layers

9
8 Specific Epithelial Tissues

• Simple
• Simple squamous
• Simple cuboidal
• Simple columnar
• Pseudostratified

10
(No Transcript)
11
8 Specific Epithelial Tissues

• Simple
• Simple squamous
• Simple cuboidal
• Simple columnar
• Pseudostratified
• Stratified
• Stratified squamous
• Stratified cuboidal
• Stratified columnar
• transitional

12
Can You Identify the Classes of Epithelium?
Quiz!!
E
D
A
B
C
13
Structural Characteristics of Epithelium

• Cellularity
• Mostly composed of cell
• Specialized Contacts
• Composed mostly of sheets
• Polarity
• Has one free surface, the other is attached to an
  underlying tissue
• Avascular
• No blood vessels
• Regenerative
• Replaces cells with like cells
• Basement Membrane
• Is the foundation

14
B. CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• Structural Characteristics
• Cells
• Fibro- -blast immature cell that secretes
  matrix
• Hemocyto-
• Chondro- -cyte mature cell that
  maintains matrix
• Osteo-
• Extracellular matrix
• Tissue component that is NOT the cells and is
  made up of
• ground substance amorphous substance that fills
  space between cells and consists of interstitial
  fluid, proteins and polysaccharides. The more
  polysaccharides the stiffer the ground substance.
• fibers interspersed throughout the ground
  substance and provides strength to the matrix.

15
FIBER TYPES

• Collagen (aka white)
• Tough
• stronger than steel fibers of same size
• provide high tensile strength (resists
  longitudinal stress).
• Elastic (aka yellow)
• Can be stretched to 1.5X its length
• recoil to original size
• found where great elasticity is needed
• Reticular
• Fine collagenous fibers that form a delicate
  branching network within solid organs such as
  spleen and liver.

16
4 Types of Connective Tissue

• 1. Connective Tissue Proper
• Made by fibroblasts
• 2. Cartilage
• Made by chondroblasts
• 3. Bone Tissue
• Made by osteoblasts
• 4. Blood
• Made by hemocytoblasts

17
1) Connective Tissue Proper

• LOOSE
• Areolar
• Adipose
• Reticular
• DENSE
• Regular
• Irregular
• Elastic

18
2) Cartilage

• Chondroblasts produce cartilage tissue
• More abundant in embryo than adult
• Firm, Flexible
• Resists compression
• (eg) trachea, meniscus
• 80 water
• Avascular, NOT Innervated
• (that means no blood, no pain)

19
Cartilage in the Body

• Three types
• Hyaline
• most abundant
• support via flexibility/resilience
• found at limb joints, ribs, nose
• very fine collagen fibers
• Elastic
• many elastic fibers in matrix
• great flexibility
• Found external ear, epiglottis
• Fibrocartilage
• resists both compression and tension
• found in menisci, intervertebral discs

20
3) Bone Tissue

• Compact
• cells contained in spaces called
• lacuna
• fine collagen fibers
• ground substance contains minerals
• Spongy (Cancellous)
• Looks like a sponge
• Spaces are filled with red bone marrow
• which is hematopoietic tissue

21
4) Blood

• Formed by hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow which
  is hematopoietic tissue
• Functions
• Transports waste, gases, nutrients, hormones
  through cardiovascular system
• Helps regulate body temperature
• Protects body by fighting infection
• Cells
• erythrocytes
• leukocytes
• thrombocytes
• Matrix Plasma

22
C. MUSCLE TISSUE

• Consists of cells that are specialized for
  generating a contraction.
• Cells are elongated and can become shorter
  and thicker.
• Three Types
• Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

23
MUSCLE TISSUE FUNCTIONS

• Produce movement
• Generate heat
• Maintain posture
• Stabilize joints
• Characteristics common to ALL muscle tissue
• made of many cells close together
• well vascularized tissue
• elongated cells
• contain myofilaments ( contractile proteins actin
  and myosin)

24
Skeletal Muscle Tissue(each gross skeletal
muscle is an organ)

• Cells
• Long and cylindrical, in bundles
• Multinucleate
• Obvious Striations
• Voluntary
• Attached to bones, fascia, skin

pg 235
25
Cardiac Muscle

• Cells
• Found only in the heart
• Branching cells
• uninucleated
• Striations
• Connected by Intercalated discs
• Cardiac Muscle-Involuntary

Be Mine
26
Smooth Muscle Tissue

• Cells
• Single cells, uninucleate
• No striations
• Involuntary
• 2 layers-opposite orientation (circular and
  longitudinal arrangement)
• Found in hollow, muscular organs including blood
  vessels

27
D. Nervous Tissue

• Neurons specialized nerve cells
• Cell body, dendrite, axon
• Brain, spinal cord, nerves

28
May I please be excused? My brain is full!!