The Science of Anatomy and Physiology

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The Science of Anatomy and Physiology
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• Anatomy
• the study of internal and external structures and
  the physical relationship between body parts
• Greek a cutting open

• Physiology
• the study of how living things perform their
  vital functions

These two subjects are interrelated because
structure determines function
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Anatomy can be categorized based on the degree of
structural detail under consideration

• Microscopic anatomy
• considers structures that can NOT be seen without
  magnification
• the boundaries are established by the limits of
  the equipment used (BAT)

• Macroscopic anatomy
• considers the structures that can be seen without
  magnification
• aka gross anatomy

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Which is which?

• Classify each as either anatomy or physiology
• mass of a liver
• The cross section of a brain
• The pumping of blood through an artery
• The size of a female tarsal bone
• The exchanging of oxygen in the lungs
• How a muscle contracts

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Review

• Anatomy or Physiology?
• Stomach acids digesting food
• The gray matter of the brain
• Pigmentation of the skin
• Blinking of the eyes

• Macroscopic or microscopic
• Diseased lung
• Bones
• Hair root bulb
• Sense receptors on the tongue

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Levels of organization

• There are 6 different levels, each increasing in
  complexity

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Chemical or Molecular Level

• atoms combine to form molecules i.e. proteins,
  DNA, enzymes, etc.. with complex shapes
• the shape of the molecules determines its
  function

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Cellular Level

• different molecules interact to form organelles
• each types of organelle has a specific function
• organelles perform vital functions that keep the
  cell alive
• cells represent this level

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Tissue Level

• tissue is composed of similar cells working
  together to perform a specific function

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Organ Level

• organs consist of two or more different tissues
  that work together to perform a specific function

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Organ System Level

• when different organs work together to perform a
  specific function

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Organism Level

• all of the organ systems of the body working
  together to maintain life and health

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Each level of organization depends on the others,
and damage at the cellular, tissue, or organ
level can affect the entire system Because all
parts of a system are interdependent, damage to
one component will ultimately affect the system
as a whole
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Your summary of Levels of Organization

• For your summary please make a flow chart
  molecules to organism
• Off of each level give examples

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Bell Ringer

• What level(s) of organization would be considered
  microscopic anatomy? Gross anatomy?
• Give an example for each level of organization

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Bell Ringer

• Anatomy or Physiology?
• Stomach acids digesting food
• The gray matter of the brain
• Pigmentation of the skin
• Blinking of the eyes

• Macroscopic or microscopic
• Diseased lung
• Bones
• Hair root bulb
• Sense receptors on the tongue

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Bell RingerTell if anatomy of physiology

• Measuring an organs size, shape, and weight
• Chemistry principles
• Measuring the acid content of the stomach
• Observing a heart in action
• Dynamic
• Dissections

• Experimentation
• Observation
• Can be studied in dead specimens
• Often studied in living things
• Principle of physics
• static

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Necessary Life Functions

• All highly complex living things must
• Maintain boundaries
• Move
• Respond to environmental changes
• Carry out metabolism
• Take in and digest nutrients
• Dispose of wastes
• Grow
• Reproduce themselves

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Requirements of Organisms

• Human life depends upon the following
  environmental factors
• Water
• Food
• Oxygen
• Heat
• pressure

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Water

• The most abundant substance in the body (60 80
  of our body weight)
• It is required for a variety of metabolic
  processes, and it provides the environment in
  which most of them take place
• Transports substances within the organisms
• Important in regulating body temperature

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Food (nutrients)

• Any substance that provides organisms with
  necessary chemicals (nutrients) in addition to
  water
• Supply energy and raw materials for building new
  living matter

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Oxygen

• A gas that makes up about one-fifth of the air
• It is used in the process of releasing energy
  from nutrients
• The released energy is used to drive metabolic
  processes

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Heat

• A form of energy that is present in our
  environment
• If varies in either direction, can cause problems
• It can be a product of metabolic reactions and it
  partly controls the rate at which these reactions
  occur
• In general the more heat, the more rapid the
  reactions will take place
• Remember temperature is a measure of the amount
  of heat present

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Pressure

• Is the application of forces on an object or
  substance
• It plays an important role in breathing
• It also plays an important role in hydrostatic
  pressure (the pressure exerted by a liquid)
• Blood pressure which keeps blood flowing
  through blood vessels

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Which is which?

• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and
  minerals
• Essential for normal operation of the respiratory
  system and breathing
• Single substance accounting for over 60 of body
  weight
• Required for the release of energy from
  foodstuffs
• Provides the basis for body fluids of all types
• When too high or too low, physiological
  activities cease, primarily because molecules are
  destroyed or become nonfunctional