Energy Flow through Ecosystems

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Energy Flow through Ecosystems

• by d. jones

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Habitat the type of place where an organism
lives

• determined by plant communities
• community all of the populations in the same
  habitat
• abiotic factors
• soil
• water
• elevation
• climate

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Classification of Organisms by Feeding Modes

• Producers
• trap energy from the sun
• sun is the ultimate source of energy for earth
• use photosynthesis to make their own food
• combine water and carbon dioxide to form
  carbohydrates
• requires chlorophyll (they are green)

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• consumers
• get food from producers
• primary consumers feed directly on producers
• secondary consumers feed on primary consumers
• there can be tertiary and quaternary consumers

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• decomposers
• bacteria and fungi
• obtain their energy from organisms that have died
  or from animal wastes
• occasionally obtain energy from organisms that
  are still living
• athletes foot
• recycle nutrients and other molecules

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Energy Flow
SUNLIGHT? producer? primary consumer ?
secondary consumer ? decomposer
Steps in the series are called trophic levels.
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Trophic Levels
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Energy Loss

• energy is lost at each level
• most of the energy is lost as heat
• motion
• metabolism
• there is more energy available at the lower
  trophic levels
• therefore there is more mass of organisms

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We can view this as a pyramid.
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Central Valley

• grasses
• produce seeds

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• valley oak
• produce acorns

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• Insects

grasshoppers grasses
cricketsgrasses
Arachnids
spiders insects
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ground squirrel seeds, fruit

• Mammals
• Small
• Rodents

gopher plant roots
jackrabbits grass
mice seeds ,grasses
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• Large Mammals

Coyote birds, small mammals, frogs, snakes,
berries
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BIRDS

• Seed eaters
• Meat eaters

Valley Quail

• kestrel
• insects

• red tailed hawk rabbits, ground squirrels

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• reptiles

western fence lizard insects
gopher snakes rodents
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Make a pyramid and place all of the organisms
mentioned in the previous 3 slides at the correct
level.
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coyote
Western Fence Lizard, gopher snake, Kestrel,
coyote,Red tail Hawk,spiders
Quail, rodents, jackrabbit, grasshoppers, crickets
grasses valley oak
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A Food Chain
series of organisms though which food energy
passes
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Make a food chain for the coyote.

• First - place organisms from the lowest trophic
  level at the bottom and work your way up the
  levels as you go up the page.

• Second draw arrows pointing to the organism
  that is doing the eating.

coyote
ground squirrel
grass seeds
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Food Web

• feeding diagram which shows relationship between
  many food chains

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Make a food web.

• first place the producers in a row at the bottom
  of the page

• second place the consumers in rows similar to
  where they are found in the energy pyramid

• third draw arrows ( arrows point to the
  organism that is eating)

red tail hawk
kestrel coyote gopher snakes
grasshoppers crickets rabbits
ground squirrels quail
grasses
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More terms that describe feeding relationships.

• predator
• hunts for and kills its food
• example coyote eating rodents
• coyote is the predator
• prey
• animal eaten by a predator
• example the rodent is the prey of the coyote in
  the example above

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• herbivore
• eats plants only
• carnivore
• eats meat
• omnivore
• eats meat and plants
• insectivore
• eats insects
• scavenger
• consumes garbage
• or carrion
• organisms that were killed by something else

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Foothill Oak Woodland
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• trees
• Blue Oak
• interior live oak
• reproductive part acorn

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• digger pine
• pine nuts for reproduction
• conifers
• evergreen
• needles
• seeds in cones

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• shrubs
• buckeye
• poison oak

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• mistletoe
• symbiosisclose relationship between two species
• parasitism one benefits, the other is harmed

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• lichens
• symbiotic relationship
• mutualism
• both organisms benefit
• mosses
• fungi
• mushrooms
• bracken fungus

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• birds
• scrub jayacorns
• acorn woodpecker acorns
• turkey vulture carrion

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• mammals
• mule deergrasses
• gray squirrelsacorns, pine nuts
• gray fox rodents
• Bats insects
• nocturnal
• Rodents(gnawing mammals)grasses fruits

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• insects
• California sister butterfly larva eat oak leaves
• oak moth larvae oak leaves
• Mosquitomammal blood
• gall wasplarvae live in oak
• termitesdead wood

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Classify each of the organisms of the Foothill
Oak Woodland using the correct terms producer p
redator prey scavenger decomposer herbivore c
arnivore omnivore insectivore