ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

• Objectives
• Compare organic versus inorganic compounds.
• Describe the unique properties of carbon
  including formation of 4 covalent bonds,
  polymerization, carbon chains, and introduce
  carbon cycle. (IPC TEKS 7D)
• Describe the basic structure and function of
  proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
  
• Identify and describe the 4 types of biochemical
  molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and
  nucleic acids) and their functions in biological
  systemsCHO focus on glucose polymers including
  chitin, starch, cellulose, glycogen Proteins
  intro enzymes and give common examples including
  hemoglobin, antibodies, collagen, muscle fibers,
  hair, nails, and cell fibers actin and myosin
  Nucleic acids focus on DNA structure and intro
  replication Lipids intro membranes as transition
  to next unit on Cell structure and transport.
  (TEK 9A)

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BIOCHEMISTRY

• ALL LIVING THINGS ARE COMPOSED OF THE FOLLOWING
  BASIC ELEMENTS

• CARBON

• OXYGEN

• HYDROGEN

• PHOSPHORUS

• SULFUR

• NITROGEN

aka CHNOPS

• A MOLECULE CONTAINING CARBON IS
• CALLED AN ORGANIC MOLECULE (except CO, CO2)

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Unique Properties of Carbon

• Forms 4 covalent bonds (because it has 4 valence
  electrons that it shares with another bonding
  atom)
• Polymerizationthe process by which a polymer is
  formed by linking monomers together through
  condensation synthesis
• Carbon chains are formed.
• Carbon Cycle

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Carbon Cycle

• Plants create glucose (a carbon compound) during
  photosynthesis and give off oxygen.
• O2 is used to oxidize organic molecules in
  Respiration, CO2 is biproduct that is returned to
  the atmosphere

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Carbon Cycle

• Marine organisms use CO2 to make CaCO3 shells,
  then die and turn into limestone that erodes and
  enters back into the cycle or then fossil fuels
  are formed, produced, then burned and returned to
  the atmosphere through combustion.

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Carbon Cycle
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THERE ARE 4 BASIC CARBON COMPOUNDS IN ALL LIVING
THINGS (aka BIOCHEMICAL Molecules or ORGANIC
Molecules/Compounds)
1. CARBOHYDRATES
2. LIPIDS
3. PROTEINS
4. NUCLEIC ACIDS
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CARBOHYDRATES

• INCLUDE SUGARS, STARCHES, CELLULOSE

• PROVIDES ENERGY FOR ORGANISMS
• 4 Calories/gram
• CHO in 121 ratio
• 3 Types
• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharide
• Polysaccharide
• Monomer/subunit monosaccharide.
• Most end in ose

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Examples of Carbohydrate Types

• Monosaccharides (single sugars)
• Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
• Disaccharides (double sugars)
• Sucrose (table sugar) 1 glucose 1 fructose
• Maltose (malt sugar) 1 glucose 1 glucose
• Lactose (milk sugar) 1 glucose 1 galactose
• Polysaccharides (many sugars)
• Starch
• Glycogen
• Cellulose

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Glucose a Monosaccharide

• Glucose C6H12O6.
• Main product of photosynthesis
• Starting material for cellular respirationmust
  be converted into the form our cells can use
  (ATP)
• Basic form of fuel in living things
• Soluble and transported by body fluids to all
  cells, where is it METABOLIZED to release energy.

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• Polysaccharides complex carbs
• Formed by linking many monosaccharides
• Starches hundreds of glucose units linked
  together
• Storage for carbohydrates in PLANTS
• Glycogen stored in human liver
• Thousands of glucose units linked differently
  than starches in ANIMALS
• Cellulose structural carbohydrate (for SUPPORT)
• Glucose units, but cannot be released from one
  another except for a few species of organisms
• Wood
• Cell walls of plants
• Humans CANNOT digest cellulose!

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LIPIDS
INCLUDE FATS, OILS, WAXES, PHOSPHOLIPIDS,
STEROIDS, CHLOROPHYLL. made of CHO

• CARBOHYDRATES MAY BE CONVERTED INTO LIPIDS
• FOR LONG-TERM ENERGY STORAGE.
• Monomer/Subunit 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
  Fat E
• 9 Calories/gram

• FATS -ACT AS INSULATORS

• WAXES HELP PLANTS CONSERVE WATER

• OILS - MAKE SOME BIRDS FEATHERS WATERPROOF

• PHOSPHOLIPIDS MAIN COMPONENT OF CELL
• MEMBRANE
• nonpolar molecules so they are not soluble in
  water

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Lipids (CHO) fats come in two structures.
Saturated fatsno double bonds between Carbons,
Ex. animal fats, solid at room temperatureUnsatur
ated fatssome double bonded C, Ex. plant fats
oils, liquids at room temperature
Unsaturated C-C-CC-C-C-C-C
Saturated C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C
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PROTEINS

• Include meat, fish, nuts provide 4 Cal/gram
• Most complex organic molecules
• made of CHON
• Some also contain S, P, Fe, or Cu
• COMPOSED OF SMALLER MOLECULES/SUBUNITS CALLED
  AMINO ACIDS
• There are 20 Amino Acids (or AAs)
• Each AA is made of
• An Amine group (NH2)
• A Carboxyl group (-COOH)
• A Radical group (-R)

• MAKE UP OVER HALF THE DRY WEIGHT OF ORGANISMS

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Protein Formation

• Dehydration synthesis
• Amino acids form a protein by removal of water
• Links are called peptide bonds and small proteins
  called peptides larger are polypeptides

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Protein Functions

• enzymes that promote chemical reactions
• structural functions such as collagen in skin,
  muscle (actin myosin), ligaments, tendons, and
  bones
• proteins found in muscles and hair
• antibodies are also proteins
• hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen in
  blood

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NUCLEIC ACIDS

• LARGE COMPLEX MOLECULES
• CONTAINING HEREDITY MATERIAL
• Made of Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate group,
  nitrogen base)

• DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID -D N A
• (deoxyribose sugar)

2. RIBONUCLEIC ACID- R N A (ribose sugar)

• D N A CARRIES INSTRUCTIONS THAT
• REGULATE CELL ACTIVITIES

• R N A uses information from DNA to tell the
  ribosomes what proteins to make.