instrumenta

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Café com FísicaIFSC/USP
Biorrefinarias Máquinas de Produção de Energia e
Armazenamento Geológico de Carbono
Paulo Seleghim Jr.seleghim_at_sc.usp.br
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The problem...
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Energy use by humankind
Power to sustain our life processes
2500 cal/day
2000 W
120 W
90 W
Power to support our lifestyle
500 EJ/year
industry agriculture (28 )
2300 W
transportation sector (27 ? )
7 billion people
services residences (36 ? )
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Typical sugarcane mill
Typical sugarcane mill
Non-renewable Carbon based economy
CO2
energy
chemical compounds
petroleum
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Typical sugarcane mill
Typical sugarcane mill
Fossil carbon based economy
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The solution...
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Typical sugarcane mill
Typical sugarcane mill
Renewable neutral carbon based economy
energy
biochemical compounds
CO2
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Typical sugarcane mill
Typical sugarcane mill
Fossil carbon based economy
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Typical sugarcane mill
Typical sugarcane mill
Fossil carbon based economy
Already engenders tremendous socio-economic
impacts on HUMAN CONDITION !
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Typical sugarcane mill
Typical sugarcane mill
Renewable negative carbon based economy
energy - D
biochemical compounds
CO2
CO2
CO2
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Typical sugarcane mill
Typical sugarcane mill
Fossil carbon based economy
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Typical sugarcane mill
Typical sugarcane mill
Fossil carbon based economy
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Case StudySugarcane in Brazil Industrial
Reference Unit
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Typical sugarcane mill
Typical sugarcane mill
Agro-Industrial Reference Unit Processing Scales
Agriculture / Industry equilibrium
filed operations cost r3

economies of scale r2
viability limit
state of São Paulo
lowerviability limit
30 kha500 tsc/h
plantation external limit (r)
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Agro-Industrial Reference Unit Processing Scales
Agricultural production Logistics Industrial
Processing
sunlight
water
CO2
water1000 t/h
CO2 2 t/h
200 MUS
harvesting 500 t/h
20 40 kha
sugar(35 t/h)
ethanol(42 m3/h)
electricity(50 MW)
field op.
solids 1-10 t/h
vinasse 500 m3/h
nutrients (1 ton/h)
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Carbon capture and storage
Potential CO2 capture for a reference sugarcane
mill

• Fermentation 2 tCO2/h
• Bagasse and straw combustion 89 tCO2/h

Annual CO2 capture and storage by the sugarcane
sector

• One mill 0.43 MtCO2/year
• Number of mills 450 average proc. rate 500tsc/h
• Annual CCS 292 MtCO2/year

Annual CO2 Brazilian emissions

• 400 MtCo2/year

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Case StudySugarcane in Brazil Conversion
pathways
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sugar cane500 tc/h
mechanicalprocessing
straw
dewatering
juiceextraction
boiler andturbines
bagasse150 t/h
water
electricity 40-50 MW
juice
cookingcrystallization
molasses
sugarcentrifugation
CO22 t/h
sugar0-65 t/h
juicefermentation
winedistillation
vinasse500 m3/h
ethanol43-76 m3/h
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sugar cane500 tc/h
mechanicalprocessing
straw
dewatering
bagasse150 t/h
juiceextraction
boiler andturbines
bagasse150 t/h
water
electricity 20-30 MW
juice
dewatering
cookingcrystallization
NFFs
molasses
sugarcentrifugation
CO22 t/h
sugar0-65 t/h
juicefermentation
winedistillation
vinasse500 m3/h
ethanol43-76 m3/h
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sugar cane500 tc/h
mechanicalprocessing
straw
dewatering
juiceextraction
boiler andturbines
bagasse150 t/h
bagasse150 t/h
water
electricity 10-20 MW
juice
dewatering
cookingcrystallization
molasses
sugarcentrifugation
CO22 t/h
sugar0-65 t/h
juicefermentation
winedistillation
vinasse500 m3/h
ethanol43-76 m3/h
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sugar cane500 tc/h
mechanicalprocessing
straw
dewatering
juiceextraction
boiler andturbines
bagasse150 t/h
bagasse150 t/h
water
electricity 10-20 MW
juice
dewatering
cookingcrystallization
molasses
sugarcentrifugation
methane
CO22 t/h
sugar0-65 t/h
anaerobic digestion
juicefermentation
chemicals
nutrients
winedistillation
vinasse500 m3/h
water
ethanol43-76 m3/h
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sugar cane500 tc/h
mechanicalprocessing
straw
dewatering
juiceextraction
Oxycombustionboiler and turbines
bagasse150 t/h
bagasse150 t/h
water
electricity 10 MW
juice
dewatering
cookingcrystallization
molasses
sugarcentrifugation
CO2
methane
CO22 t/h
sugar0-65 t/h
anaerobic digestion
juicefermentation
chemicals
nutrients
winedistillation
vinasse500 m3/h
water
ethanol43-76 m3/h
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Production of supercritical CO2 from oxycombustion
CO2
power cycle
supercritical CO2 unit
oxyfuel boiler
power
boiler
cyclone condenser
scCO2
economizer
biomass
superheater
evaporator
water
O2
air
N2
CO2
air separation unit
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Temperature oC
pressão de injeção noreservatório
separaçãoH2O
Entropy kJ/kg/oC
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Carbon capture and storage
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Carbon capture and storage
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Carbon capture and storage
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Carbon capture and storage
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Sugarcane sector 292Mta,total Brazilian
emissions 400Mta
Carbon capture and storage
CO2 storage capacity (CarbMap project)

• Oil and gas 2.5 Gtenough for 6 years
• Saline aquifers 2000 Gtenough for 5000 years
• Pre-salt ???

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Reference sugarcane mill 0.43 MtCO2/year
Example of commercial plants in operation
Global CCS Institute 2012, The Global Status of
CCS 2012
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Reference sugarcane mill 0.43 MtCO2/year
Example of commercial plants in operation
Global CCS Institute 2012, The Global Status of
CCS 2012
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First feasibility studies robust optimal
operation
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Process optimization approach
Inputs that miximize outputs
ethanol electricity scCO2
operatingparameters
uniform random
characteristicdistributions
How to set the control variables in order to
increase probability of optimal conversion, given
the variability of all uncontrolled variables ?
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Process optimization approach
Monte Carlo simulations (simplified example)
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Process optimization approach
Monte Carlo simulations (simplified example)
?
control variable
?
stochastic variables
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Process optimization approach
Modeling equations
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Simulation variables
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Carbon capture and storage by a sugarcane mill
Optimization approach operation envelope
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Carbon capture and storage by a sugarcane mill
Optimization approach operation envelope
scCO2
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Carbon capture and storage by a sugarcane mill
Optimization approach operation envelope
scCO2
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Conversion of sugarcane into ethanol and
electricity
Processing pathways (hem. are fermented or burned)
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energy conservation limit
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Process optimization approach
control results fiber water contents
(53) litigation dewatering versus sc water
content
13 to 25 fiber 70 to 55 water
More fiber and less water
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Process optimization approach
burning x hydrolysis (hemicelluloses are burned)
optimality
optimality
85 15 15t o 85
Two optimal operating states
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Process optimization approach
burning x hydrolysis (hemicelluloses are
fermented)
Much more robust conversion process !
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Process optimization approach
fiber composition (hemicelluloses are burned)
more lignin, more hemicellulosesless cellulose
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Process optimization approach
fiber composition (hemicelluloses are fermented)
idem, slightly more robust process
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Industrial biorefineries evolution
sucrose/starch (water) lignocellulosic fiber
(-water)
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1G2G BRFs will evolve to 1G2G and possibly to 2G
only BRFs at much higher processing scales
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Café com FísicaIFSC/USP
Obrigado
Paulo Seleghim Jr.seleghim_at_sc.usp.br