The Reproductive System

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The ReproductiveSystem

• The reproductive system produces, stores,
  nourishes, and transports functional gametes.

By Erin Whatley, Chontel Childress, Jevin
Clinkscales and Kendel Shanks
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Male Reproductive System
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Testes

• The decent of the testes through the inguinal
  canals occur during fetal development. The testes
  remain connected to the internal structures via
  the spermatic cords. The raphe marks the boundary
  between the two chambers in the scrotum.
• The dartos muscle tightens the scrotum, giving it
  a wrinkled apperance as it elevates the testes
  the cremaster muscles are ore substantial muscles
  that pull the testes close to the body.
• The tunica albuginea surrounds each testis. Septa
  extends from the tunics albuginea to the region
  of the testis closet to the entrance to the
  epididymis, creating a series of lobules.
• Seminiferous tubules within each lobule are the
  sites of sperm production. From there,
  spermatozoa pass through the rete testis.
  Efferent ductules connect the rete testis to the
  epipdidymis. Between the seminferous tubules are
  interstitial cells, which secrete sex hormones.

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Spermatogeneses

• Seminiferous tubules contains spermatogonia, stem
  cells involved in spermatogenesis (the production
  of spermatogonia) , and sustentacular cells,
  which sustain and promote the development of
  spermatozoa.

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The Anatomy of Spermatzoon

• Each spermatazoon has a head tipped by an
  acrosomal cap, middle piece, and a tail.

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The Male Reproductive Tract

• From the testis, the spermatozoa enter the
  epididymis, an elongate tubules with head, body,
  and tail regions. The epididymis monitors and
  adjusts the composition of the fluid in the
  seminiferous tubules. Serves as a recycling
  center for damaged spermatozoa, stores and
  protects spermatozoa, and facilitates their
  functional maturation.
• The ductus deferens, or vas deferens, begins at
  the epididymis and passes through the inguinal
  canal as part of the spermatic cord. Near the
  prostate gland the ductus deferens enlarges to
  ampulla. The junction of the base of the seminal
  vesicle and the ampulla creates the ejaculatory
  duct, which empties into the urethra.
• The urethra extends from the urinary bladder to
  tip of the penis. The urethra can be divided into
  prostatic , membranous, and spongy regions.

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Diagram
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The Accessory Glands

• Each seminal vesicle is an active secretory gland
  that contributes about 60 percent of the volume
  of semen its secetions contain fructose (which
  is easily metabolized by spermatozoa),
  bicarbonate ions, prostaglandins, and fibrinogen.
  The prostate gland secretes slightly acidic
  prostatic fluid. Alkaline mucus secreted by
  bulbourthral glands has lubricating properties.

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Semen

• A typical ejaculation releases 2-5 ml of semen
  (ejaculate), which contains 20-100 million
  spermatozoa per milliliter. The fluid component
  of semen is seminal fluid.

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External Genitalia

• The skin overlying the penis resembles that of
  the scrotum. Most of the body of the penis
  consists of three masses of erectile tissue.
  Beneath the superficial fascia are two corpora
  cavernosa and a single corpus sponglosum, which
  surrounds the urethra. Dilation of the blood
  vessels within the erectile tissue produces an
  erection.

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Aging of Male Reproductive System

• The Male Climacteric
• During the male climacteric, at age 50-60,
  circulating testosterone levels fall, and levels
  of FSH and LH rise.

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Female Reproductive System
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Introduction

• A females reproductive system is vital for the
  existence of life. The uterus must be able to
  support and nourish a developing embryo and
  continue to nourish the infant after it is born.
• The major parts of the Female reproductive system
  include the ovaries, the uterine tubes, the
  uterus, the vagina and the components of the
  external genitalia.
•  

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The Ovaries

• The Ovaries are located on the lateral walls of
  the pelvic cavity
• Their three functions include
• Production of immature female gametes or oocytes
• Secretion of female sex hormones (estrogens and
  progestins)
• Secretion of inbulin and feedback control of FSH
• Oogenisis- Ovum production Begins at the womans
  birth and accelerates during puberty and ends at
  menopause.

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Ovarian Cycle

• Ovarian cycle Divided in to two phases. The
  Follicular Phase and the Luteal Phase
• Step 1 the formation of primary follicles
• Step 2 the Formation of secondary follicles
• Step 3 Formation of tetiary follicles
• Step 4 ovulation
• Step 5 Formation and degeneration of the corpus
• Step 6 Unless fertilization occurs, the Corpus
  luteum degenerates after 12 days of ovulation
  (menstruation)

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Uterine Tubes

• Hollow muscular tubes divided in to three
  segments
• 1. the Infundibulum the end closest to the
  ovaries with finger-like projections called
  fimbriae.
• 2. The Ampulla Located in the middle of the
  uterine tube, has smooth muscle layers
• 3. The Isthmus A short segment connected to the
  uterine wall
• The Uterine tubes provide a nutrient-rich
  environment that contains lipids and glycogen
  which is essential for a developing embryo.

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The Uterus

• The uterus provides mechanical protection,
  nutritional support and waste removal for the
  developing embryo.
• The Cervix the inferior portion of the uterus
  that extends to the vagina. The cervix contains
  the cervical canal that opens in to the uterine
  cavity.
• Uterine wall Contains thick outer muscular
  myometrium and an inner thin glandular
  endometrium.
• The Myometrium provides the force needed to move
  the fetus from the uterus to the vagina. The
  Endometrium provides supports the growing fetus,
  this layer also changes with the uterine cycle
  monthly.

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Uterine Cycle

• Uterine Cycle (Menstrual Cycle)
• Step 1 Mensus
• Mensus is when degeneration of the endometrium
  occurs. The functional zone is lost and this
  lasts for normally about seven days. About 30 to
  50mL of blood is lost.
• Step2 Proliferative phase
• In the days after mensus, the epithelial cells of
  the uterine glands multiply across the
  endometrium and restore the uterus. Estrogens are
  secreted by the growing ovarian follicles.
• Step 3 Secretary Phase
• In the last stage, the endometrium glands
  enlarge, accelerating their rate of secretion.
  Also arteries in the uterine wall elongate and
  spiral in to the tissues of the functional zone.
  During this phase, ovulation occurs. If the egg
  is not fertilized, hormone functions stop and the
  mensus phase begins once again.

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The Vagina

• The Vagina is an elastic muscular tube extending
  between the cervix and the vestibule
• The vagina has three major functions
• Serves as a passageway for eliminating menstrual
  fluids
• Receives the penis during sexual intercourse, and
  holds sperm cells prior to their passing in to
  the uterus
• Forms the inferior birth canal, in which the
  fetus passes.
• The vaginal lumen is lined with non-keratinized
  stratified squamous epithelium and when relaxed,
  forms rugae.
• The vagina contains healthy bacteria that keep it
  acidic to eliminates the growth of pathogens.
• Vaginitis Inflammation of the vaginal canal
  caused by fungi, bacteria, or parasites

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External Genitalia

• The area containing the female genitalia is
  called the vulva
• The vagina opens up in to the vestibule bounded
  by small flaps called labia minora and labia
  majora
• The Urethra is located above the vagina

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Mammary Glands

• An infant gains nourishment from milk secreted by
  the mammary glands.
• Mammary glands are controlled by hormones of the
  reproductive system, the mammary glands lie
  within surrounding fat pads
• Each breast has a nipple in which the mammary
  gland ducts open to the surface, the
  reddish-brown area around the opening is called
  an areola

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Hormones

• The female reproductive tract includes interplay
  between secretions of the pituitary gland and the
  gonads
• The hormones control the uterine and ovarian
  cycles
• Three estrogens circulate the blood stream
  Estradiol, estrone, and estriol.
• Estradiol is the most prominent to ovulation
• FSH is the dominant hormone released by the
  pituitary gland

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Physiology of Sexual Intercourse
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Physiology of sexual intercourse

• Key facts
• sexual intercourse involves the reproductive
  system of the male and the female
• Fertilization of a females egg can take place

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Sexual intercourse(copulation)

• Presents semen into the female reproductive tract

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Sexual Functions Cycle

• The male and female sexual functions cycle
  consists of excitement, plateau, orgasm, and
  resolution.
• the body responds with an increase in heart
  rate, blood pressure and respiration

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Male functions for sex

• First is penile erection, it is produced by
  arteriolar dilatation and increased blood flow to
  the erectile tissue of the penis. Erection is a
  reflex response initiated by visual, or
  imaginative stimuli impinging upon supraspinal
  centers or by genital stimulation that in turn
  activates spinal reflex mechanisms, or an erection

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nerves

• Sacral parasympathetic and thoracolumbar
  sympathetic nerves provide the efferent
  vasodilator input to the penis. Parasympathetic
  nerves also stimulate secretion from the seminal
  vesicles and prostate and Cowper's glands during
  the plateau phase.

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orgasm

• The orgasmic phase is characterized by seminal
  emission and ejaculation and the associated
  sensations. The release of semen into the urethra
  depends on sympathetic nerves that elicit
  contractions of smooth muscles in the vas
  deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate.
  Rhythmic contractions of striated muscle
  (bulbocavernosus and ischiocavernosus) generated
  by efferent pathways in the pudendal nerve eject
  semen from the urethra.

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impotence

• Any physical or psychological factor that effects
  a single component of the system can result in
  the male sexual dysfunction
• Depression
• Nervousness
• anxiety

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Medication

• Viagra
• Prescription drugs, that enhances and prolongs
  the effects of nitric oxide on the erectile tissue

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Orgasm

• Rhythmic contact of the penis with the clitoris
  and vaginal walls
• Touch sensation from breast and other stimuli
• Erotic thoughts (visual,olfactory)

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Female sexual funtions

• Blood flow to the genitals increases, resulting
  in swelling of the woman's clitoris, vaginal
  walls and labia minora (inner lips)

Vaginal lubrication begins, moistening the walls
of the vagina The woman's breasts become
fuller, parasympathetic stimulation causes them
to become more sensitive to touch and pressure
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Risk

• Sexual intercourse along with oral sexual
  activity carries the risk of infection and
  diseases,
• Stds are transferred by contact and can effect
  any part of the body
• Chlamydia
• Gonorrhea
• Herpes
• Genital warts

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herpes

• Syphilis

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Aging effects on reproductive system

• Decline in infertility
• Decline in sexual abilities
• Changes to reproductive organs and accessory
  organs

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menopause

• Preimenopause the ovarian and uterine
• cycles become irregular
• Occurs around 40
• Oocytes drop dramatically
• Estrogen levels decrease, not triggering
  ovulation

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Menopause

• Ovulation and menstruation cease
• Occurs around 45-55
• Circulation concentration of estrogens and
  progesterone decreases
• Increase production of GnRH, FSH and LH

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Menopause

• Physical effects are reduction in breast and
  uterus size
• Thinning of urethral and vaginal epithelia
• Bone composition proceeds at slower rate
• Hot flashes
• Mental effects- depression, anxiety

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Aging on the male reproductive system

• The male climacteric of andropause
• Age 50 and 60
• FSH and LH increase
• Sperm production continues
• Sexual activity decreases because male
  dysfunction

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Medical

• Since women's reproductive organ are more
  internal and house fetus, they require more
  medical care.
• Gynecologists -study and treat problems with the
  female genital, rectal and urinary organs.
  Additionally, many gynecologists consult on
  pregnancies, reproductive therapy and other areas
  of the patient's reproductive system.
• Urologist-A physician who deals with the study
  and treatment of disorders of the urinary tract
  in women and the urogenital system in men.

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studies Diseases and conditions on the
reproductive system

• Endometriosis is a problem with the lining of the
  uterus (womb). Normally, when you have your
  menstrual period every month, the lining
  (endometrial tissue) of the uterus will come out
  in the menstrual flow.
• Infertility affects over 6 million people in
  the United States, which represents about 10 of
  the reproductive-age population. Most infertility
  cases are treated with medication or surgery.
  Assisted reproductive technologies, for example,
  in vitro fertilization and similar treatments,
  account for less than 5 of infertility services.
  Infertility, which is often a reversible or
  treatable condition, should be distinguished from
  sterility, which implies an irreversible
  inability to conceive.
• Ovarian Cancer
• Prostate cancer
• Testicular cancer

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Ovulation Game

• Menstrual Cycles
• The average menstrual cycle is 28 to 32 days.
  Some women have longer or shorter cycles, so the
  exact timing of ovulation can vary. Here's an
  overview of a typical 28-day menstrual cycle.
• Day 1
• Your cycle begins on the first day of blood flow.
• Days 2-14 Follicular Phase
• The follicles on your ovary become active, and
  your cervical mucus starts to thin.
• Day 14
• Ovulation occurs mid-cycle, but can vary from
  between Day 11 and Day 21 of a woman's cycle.
  Rising estrogen levels trigger the LH surge,
  which causes the follicle to ovulate and release
  an egg. It's important to chart your basal body
  temperature and LH surge so you know when you
  ovulate.
• Days 15-22 Luteal Phase
• After releasing the egg, the follicle produces
  progesterone, which thickens the lining of the
  uterus for implantation.
• Days 23 to 24
• Implantation of a fertilized egg can take place.
  At this point, hormones produced by pregnancy may
  be detected by a pregnancy test.
• Days 25 to 28
• If pregnancy does not occur, your hormone levels
  begin to fall. The uterine lining sheds,
  resulting in your period.

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WORK CITED

• Martini, Frederic. Fundamentals of Anatomy and
  Physiology. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice
  Hall, 1998. Print.
• "Ovulation Calculator from WebMD." WebMD. WebMD,
  7 Mar. 2012. Web. 09 May 2013.