Clinical pathophysiology of the digestive system

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Clinical pathophysiology of the digestive system
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Disorder of stomach secretory function

• According to mechanism
• Organic disturbances of stomach glands
• Change I functional activity of secretory cells
• According to kind of disturbance
• Hypersecretion
• Hyposecretion

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Key-points for hypersecretion
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• The four inputs to parietal cells that regulate
  acid secretion
• by controlling the transfer of the H,K-ATPase
  pumps in
• cytoplasmic vesicle membranes to the plasma
  membrane.

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Gastritis
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Gastritis
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Disorder of stomach motor function

• Hypercinesis increased motility
• Hypertonus increased degree of contraction
• Hypocinesis - decreased motility
• Hypotonus - decreased degree of contraction
• Pathological reflexes
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Belching

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Gastric Juice Secretion, Mucosal Protection and
Risk of Ulcer
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Gastric Juice Secretion, Mucosal Protection and
Risk of Ulcer
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Gastric Juice Secretion, Mucosal Protection and
Risk of Ulcer
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Disorders After Stomach Surgery
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Disorders After Stomach Surgery
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Disorder of digestion in intestine

• Disorders of the pick out of bile and pancreatic
  juice are accompanied by disorders of all types
  of digestion, development of putrefaction and
  fermentation in the intestine (at closing, or
  squeezing the excretory ducts of glands in cystic
  fibrosis mucoviscidosis, because of pancreatic
  cancer, acute and chronic pancreatitis and
  duodenitis, violating the neurohumoral mechanisms
  of regulation of secretion, particular functions
  of the vagus nerve, the allocation of secretin,
  cholecystokinin, pancreatic polypeptide).
• Disorders of digestion of nutrients combined in
  maldigestion syndrome.
• Malabsorption of substances in the gut combined
  into a syndrome, which is characterized by
  diarrhea, weight loss, protein deficiency, signs
  of hypovitaminosis.

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Causes of Acute Pancreatitis
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Consequences of Acute Pancreatitis
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Causes of Chronic Pancreatitis
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Consequences of Chronic Pancreatitis
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Causes of Constipation
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Consequences of Constipation and
(Pseudo-)Obstruction
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Etiology and pathogenesis of liver insufficiency

• Infectious agents (hepatitis B virus,
  tuberculosis bacillus, helmints) Hepatotropic
  poison (drugs - tetracycline, sulfonamides,
  industrial poisons - carbon tetrachloride,
  arsenic, chloroform, vegetable poisons -
  aflatoxin, muscarine) Physical impacts
  (ionizing radiation) Biological drugs
  (vaccines, serums) Violation of blood
  circulation (thrombosis, embolism, venous
  congestion) Endocrine pathology (diabetes
  mellitus, hyperthyroidism) Tumors Hereditary
  ensymopathy

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Causes of Liver Failure
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Consequences of Liver Failure
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Fibrosis and Cirrhosis of the Liver
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Fibrosis and Cirrhosis of the Liver
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Clinical syndromes in liver injury

• Lack of liver disorders manifested
• its functions lesion metabolic (involved in
  carbohydrate, fat, protein metabolism, metabolism
  of vitamins, hormones, biologically active
  substances) protection (phagocytic and
  antitoxic) digestive and excretory (the
  formation and release of bile) hemodynamic
  (involved in maintaining systemic circulation).

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Cholelithiasis Abnormal Cholesterol to Bile
Salt Ratio
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Clinical syndromes of jaundice

• Acholia associated with non-receipt of bile in
  the intestine due to violations of the formation
  and outflow of bile. Acholia manifested disorders
  of digestion and absorption of fats,
  hypovitaminosis A, E, K, decreased intake of
  unsaturated fatty acids of phospholipids to build
  cell membranes, intestinal motility violation,
  increasing decay and fermentation.
• Dyscholia - violation of the physical-chemical
  properties of bile, causing it acquires the
  ability to form stones (due to genetic
  predisposition, poor nutrition, metabolic
  disorders, infectious-inflammatory processes,
  cholestasis).

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Cholelithiasis Abnormal Cholesterol to Bile
Salt Ratio
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Etiology and pathogenesis of jaundice

• Jaundice - a syndrome caused by an increase in
  blood bilirubin (hemolytic, parenchymal,
  mechanical).
• In hemolytic jaundice due to destruction of a
  large number of red blood cells accumulate
  indirect, protein bound bilirubin.
• When parenchymal jaundice disturbed capture, and
  excretion of bilirubin in hepatocytes due to
  their injuries.
• In mechanical jaundice occurs outflow obstruction
  of bile, compression of biliary tract tumor or
  scar, closing within a stone, worms, thick bile.

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Mechanisms and Consequences of Cholestasis
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Methods of experimental study of liver pathology

• hepatic-cell failure simulating full or partial
  removal of the liver, the introduction of poisons
  (carbon tetrachloride, chloroform,
  trinitrotoluene) cholestatic model obtained by
  squising bile ducts by ligature hepatic
  vascular insufficiency simulating by overlapping
  portocaval anastomosis, ligation portal vein,
  hepatic vein, hepatic artery.