The Respiratory System

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The Respiratory System
By Kristin Greene
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Function

• to supply the blood with oxygen so the blood can
  deliver oxygen to all the body parts

3
The process of respiration

• Respiration is achieved through the mouth, nose,
  trachea, lungs, and diaphragm. Oxygen enters the
  respiratory system through the mouth and the
  nose. The oxygen then passes through the larynx
  and the trachea which is a tube that enters the
  chest cavity.

4
Cont.

• In the chest cavity, the trachea splits into two
  smaller tubes called the bronchi. Each bronchus
  then divides again forming the bronchial tubes.
  The bronchial tubes lead directly into the lungs
  where they divide into many smaller tubes which
  connect to tiny sacs called alveoli. The average
  adult's lungs contain about 300 million of these
  spongy, air-filled sacs that are surrounded by
  capillaries.

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Cont.

• The inhaled oxygen passes into the alveoli and
  then diffuses through the capillaries into the
  arterial blood. Meanwhile, the waste-rich blood
  from the veins releases its carbon dioxide into
  the alveoli. The carbon dioxide follows the same
  path out of the lungs when you exhale.

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The Respiratory system includes
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Facts

• The main organs of the respiratory system are the
  Lungs
• Yawning brings more air to the lungs
• We breath 13 pints a minute
• we breath over 5000 times a day
• Your right lung has 3 lobes while the left lung
  only has 2
• The speed of a sneeze over a 100 mph and a cough
  is only 60 mph
• Lung cancer is the most common cancer in the
  world

8
Respiratory system conditions

• Emphysema
• Bronchitis
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Histoplasmosis
• Lung cancer
• Pneumonia
• Pulmonary fibrosis
• Tuberculosis
• RSV

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Healthy lungs
10
Infected lungs
The Flu
Tuberculosis
RSV
11
Bibliography

• http//fi.edu/biosci/systems/respiration.html
• http//hes.ucf.k12.pa.us/gclaypo/funfacts/factsres
  .htmltop
• http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3210/image
  s/02-cure-rcv.jpg
• http//lungdiseases.about.com/od/basicinformation/
  a/LD_list.htm

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The Lungs

• By LaToya Crandall

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(No Transcript)
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What are they??
15

• Theyre paired organs in the chest that perform
  respiration.
• Each human has two lungs.
• Each lung is between 10 and 12 inches long

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What do they do??
17

• They transport oxygen from the atmosphere into
  the bloodstream, and excrete carbon dioxide from
  the bloodstream into the atmosphere.

18
Facts
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• 90 of the lung is filled with air and only 10
  is hard tissue.
• The lung is the largest organ in the body.
• Diseases that can affect the lungs are Emphysema,
  Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, Lung Cancer, and many
  more.

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More Facts
21

• Each day you take about 23,000 breaths.
• With every breath, your lungs add fresh oxygen to
  your blood, which then carries into your cells.

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Sources

• www.mamashealth.com
• www.virtialmuseum.ca
• www.ehwikpedia.org
• www.nhlbi.nih.gov

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Bronchitis

• By Zack Miller

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What is Bronchitis?

• An obstructive pulmonary disease caused by
  inflammation of the of the lungs
• It can be short term or long lasting

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Symptoms

• An expectorating cough
• Dyspnea (shortness of Breath)
• Fatigue and/or malaise
• Mild fever
• Mild chest pains

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Diagnosis

• Chest x-ray that reveals hyperinflation and
  increased bronchovascular markings
• Pulmonary function test that shows an increase in
  the lungs residual volume and a decreased vitals
  capacity

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Diagnosis (cont.)

• Arterial blood gases that show a decreased level
  of oxygen in the blood and an increased level of
  carbon dioxide
• A sputum culture that has pathogenic
  microorganism and/or neutrophils

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X-ray
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Pathophysiology

• Short term bronchitis often follows a cold or
  infection. It may be viral or bacterial
• Long-lasting bronchitis last at least three
  months and is usually cause by environmental
  irritation of the bronchial tubes and is often
  caused by smoking

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Minor Treatments

• Rest
• Lots of liquids
• Aspirin
• Tylenol for fever

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Treatments

• Oxygen therapy
• Bronchodilator drugs
• Antibiotics
• Lung volume reduction surgery

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Prognosis

• Short bronchitis usually last ten to eleven days
• It is contagious, and starts out with a dry
  cough, which may be accompanied by a low grade
  fever, fatigue, and headache

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Prevention

• Short term
• lots of rest
• Lots of fluids
• Long-lasting
• Eliminate exposure to cigarette smoke and other
  environmentally hazard fumes

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Pneumonia
Mikhael King
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What is Pneumonia?

• Inflammation of the lungs
• Caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection
• Ranges from mild to severe to even fatal
• Severity depends on age and health of the person

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Who Can Get It?

• Anyone can get pneumonia
• Hospital patients more prone because of weaker
  immune systems

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Symptoms

• Cough with greenish or yellow phlegm
• Fever with shaking chills
• Sharp chest pain
• Rapid, shallow breathing
• Shortness of breath
• Headache

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Symptoms cont.

• Excessive sweating
• Clammy skin
• Loss of appetite
• Excessive fatigue
• Confusion in elderly people

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How to Be Sure (Signs Tests)

• Chest X-rays
• CBC to check white blood cell count
• CAT Scan of the chest

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Treatment

• Antibiotics if the cause is bacteria
• In hospital Intravenous antibiotics oxygen
  therapy
• In home Drink fluids to loosen secretions and
  bring up phlegm, get lots of rest, control fevers
  with aspirin

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Risk Factors

• 65 years or older
• Male
• Children under 2
• Having HIV or AIDS
• People with their spleen removed

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Risk Factors cont.

• Smoking
• Alcohol Abuse
• Being around certain chemicals
• Living in certain parts of the country
• Being hospitalized in ICU

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Prevention

• Wash hands frequently
• Do not smoke
• Wear a mask when cleaning dusty or moldy areas

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Sources

• www.reutershealth.com/wellconnected/doc64.htm
• http//www.mayoclinic.com/health/pneumonia/DS00135
  /DSECTION4
• http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/00
  0145.htm

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Huffing And Puffing with Asthma

• By John Hunter

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Normal bronchiole/ Asthmatic
bronchiole
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What is asthma?

• Asthma is a chronic (long-term) disease that
  makes it hard to breathe. Asthma can't be cured,
  but it can be managed. With proper treatment,
  people with asthma can lead normal, active lives.

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How asthma works

• If you have asthma, your airways (breathing
  passages) are extra sensitive. When you are
  around certain things, your extra-sensitive
  airways can
• Become red and swollen - your airways get
  inflamed inside. They fill up with mucus. The
  swelling and mucus make your airways narrower, so
  it's harder for the air to pass through.

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Cont.

• Become "twitchy" and go into spasm - the muscles
  around your airways squeeze together and tighten.
  This makes your airways narrower, leaving less
  room for the air to pass through.
• The more red and swollen your airways are, the
  more twitchy they become.

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Symptoms

• Hard breathing caused by irritants
• Asthma inducers If you breathe in something
  you're allergic to- for example, dust or pollen-
  or if you have a viral infection- for example, a
  cold or the flu- your airways can become inflamed
  (red and swollen).

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Cont.

• Asthma triggers If you breathe in an asthma
  trigger like cold air or smoke, or if you
  exercise, the muscles around your airways can go
  into spasm and squeeze together tightly. This
  leaves less room for air to pass through.
• It's important for every person with asthma to
  know what they triggers and inducers are.

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Normal
Tightened Asthma
Swelled Asthma
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Causes

• Work-related asthma (occupational exposure)
  People who work in certain types of jobs can get
  asthma from things they work with. For example
• Laboratory workers can get asthma from lab
  animals rats, mice, guinea-pigs
• Spray painters can get asthma from isocyanates
• Grain handlers can get asthma from grain dust
• Crab processors can get asthma from crab dust

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Treatments

• Inhalers
• These devices (sometimes called 'puffers')
  contain a gas that will propel the correct dose
  of medication when the top is pressed down. This
  is inhaled into your airways. There are two basic
  categories of inhaler medicines that are used for
  asthma
• relievers - which treat your symptoms
• preventers - which can prevent your symptoms

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In case of an attack

• take your reliever treatment immediately,
  preferably with a spacer
• sit down (don't lie down) and try to relax
• wait 5-10 minutes - if your symptoms disappear
  you do not need to do anything
• if your symptoms do not go away, then you should
  call a doctor or an ambulance
• continue taking your reliever, preferably with a
  spacer, every few minutes until helps arrives
• If you go to hospital, take details of your
  asthma treatments with you.

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Bibliography

• http//www.lung.ca/diseases-maladies/asthma-asthme
  /what-quoi/index_e.php
• http//hcd2.bupa.co.uk/fact_sheets/Mosby_factsheet
  s/asthma.html

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Tuberculosis
Danielle Mullins Summer Institute 2oo6
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What is it?

• airborne infection
• caused by bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• spreads person to person or through air
• most are infected but do not develop the disease
• form small black lesions in the lungs

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Symptoms

• ongoing cough
• constantly tired
• loss of weight
• loss of appetite
• fever
• night sweats
• coughing up blood

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10 million Americans are currently infected with
TB but only 10 will develop the disease.
2 million deaths each year 100 thousand are
children.
Most cases found in Africa due to the AIDS
epidemic.
36 million will die worldwide between now and
2020.
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Persons Most Likely to Contract TB

• Racial/ethnic minorities
• Foreigners
• Hospital, prison, and nursing home workers
• Homeless people
• IV drug users
• Alcoholics
• Those with Diabetes, AIDS, or others with
  immunity problems

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A Person with
Latent TB
Active TB

• has no symptoms
• does not feel sick
• cannot spread TB
• Usually positive for skin test
• has normal chest X-ray and sputum test

• continuous bad cough
• chest pain
• coughing up blood or sputum
• weakness or fatigue
• loss of weight and appetite
• chills, fever, night sweats
• positive skin test
• may have abnormal chest X-ray, or positive
  sputum smear or culture

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Random Facts
53 of last year's TB cases were foreign-born
people
TB can usually be cured but medication must be
taken for up to 9 months
1/3 of the world population is infected with TB
Someone somewhere in the world is infected with
TB every second
India has the largest number of TB patients
today.
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Information was/can be found at

• http//cdc.gov/nchstp/tb/faqs/qa_introduction.htm
  Intro1
• http//lungusa.org/site/ppasp?cdvLUK9O0Eb35804
  
• http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/0
  00145.htm

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Emphysema

• By Nishan Moghal

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Background

• chronic (long-lasting or recurrent) lung disease
• usually caused by exposure to or inhalation of
  toxic chemicals and tobacco smoke
• loss of elasticity of lung tissue

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Background (cont.)

• destruction of supporting structures of alveoli
  (sacs in the lungs that allow for gas exchange)
• destruction of capillaries that allow blood flow
  to alveoli
• collapse of smaller airways during expiration

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Symptoms

• shortness of breath (on exertion)
• hyperventilation (arises in order to maintain
  proper oxygen levels in the body)
• clubbing of the fingers (which is associated with
  many lung and heart diseases)

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Process

• toxins (such as smoke) inhaled
• particles trapped by hairs and cannot be
  exhaled
• inflammatory response results
• -consists of enzymes such as elastase breaking
  down the alveolar walls

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Process (cont.)

• fewer but larger alveoli with smaller surface
  areas
• -leads to decreased ability of alveoli to take
  up oxygen and lose carbon dioxide
• end result irreversible and degenerative
  condition

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Healthy Lung

• elastic
• clean
• many alveoli with large surface areas
• healthy capillaries
• clear airways

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Emphysema Lung

• loss of elasticity
• filled with toxins from tobacco smoke
• fewer alveoli with smaller surface areas
• destroyed capillaries
• blocked airways

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Prevention and Treatment

• no smoking
• avoiding other lung irritants
• supplemental oxygen is taken by patient
• lung transplant (very dangerous operation)

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Sources

• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphysema
• http//images.google.com/images?qlunghlenbtnG
  SearchImages
• http//www.emedicine.com/med/topic654.htm

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Black Lung Disease

• Sarah Canaday

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What is Black Lung Disease?

• Name for disease is Pneumonoconiosis
• Caused by inhalation of coal dust over many years

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What is Black Lung Disease? (continued)

• Typically affects workers over age 50
• Number of black lung cases have sharply fallen
  since the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act
  of 1969

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What are the symptoms?

• Once coal dust particles are in the lung, they
  can not be removed, causing build up
• Primary symptom is shortness of breath

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What are the symptoms? (continued)

• An enlargement and strain of the right side of
  the heart which may cause right-side heart
  failure
• Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicov-olcanoconiosis
• Emphysema

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How can I prevent it?

• The only way to prevent Black Lung Disease is to
  stay out of exposure to coal dust.
• Since 1969, conditions in coal mines have become
  much safer, and now run low in the risk of Black
  Lung.

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Can I reverse the effects?

• Chest x-rays can show signs of black lung before
  any symptoms are present
• No treatment or cure for this disease exists,
  although there are treatments for some
  complications
• Further exposure to coal dust must be stopped

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Healthy Lungs

• Pink in color
• Light weight

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Pneumonoconiosis
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Lung with Pneumonoconiosis

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Lungs with Pneumonoconiosis (continued)
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Sources Cited

• www.healthatoz/Atoz/ency/black_lung_disease.jsp
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.google.com/images
• http//www.courier-journal.com/dust/illo_lung_tiss
  ue.html

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Lung Cancer

• Sakala Rutherford

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So What Exactly is Lung Cancer?

• Lung cancer- carcinoma of the lungs one of the
  most common forms of cancer
• aka an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in
  one or both of the lungs

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Strictly Statistics

• More than 87 of lung cancer cases are smoking
  related
• 13 of lung cancer is caused by things such as
  asbestos, and radon gas
• More Americans in 2005 died from lung cancer than
  any colon/rectal, breast, and prostate cancer
• Between 1960 and 1990, deaths from lung cancer in
  women increased more than 400

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More Statistics

• Lung cancer kills more African Americans than any
  other cancer
• Both African American men and women have a higher
  rate of getting lung cancer than any other
  ethnicity
• After abstaining from smoking for at least 10
  years you decrease your chance of developing lung
  cancer anywhere from 20 to 50

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Fun Facts

• Today we can detect changes in the cells of the
  base lining of the lungs from normal to
  precancerous (dysplasia)
• The addiction to nicotine can be compared to the
  addiction to heroine or even stronger
• There is currently no way to screen and see if a
  person has lung cancer until late stages
• There is a lot of discussion about whether or not
  marijuana causes lung cancer, its still undecided

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Prevention

• Not smoking
• Daily exercise
• Low fat high fiber diet
• Moderate if any alcohol consumption

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Non Small Cell Lung Cancer

• Accounts for 80 of all cancer cases
• - Squamos Cell Carcinoma forms in bronchial
  tubes more prevalent in men
• -Adenocarcinoma- forms in mucus glands more
  prevalent in women and non-smoking individuals
• Bronchioalveolar- forms near the lungs air sacs

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More non-small cell lung cancer

• Large-Cell Undifferentiated Carcinomas-near edges
  of lungs, spreads rapidly, and sometimes spreads
  by the time diagnosed

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Small Cell Lung Cancer

• 20 of all lung cancers, multiply more rapidly
  than all other cancers and form large tumors that
  can spread throughout the body, smoking is almost
  always the cause of small cell cancer

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Surgical Treatments

• Segmental Resection (wedge resection)- removes
  only a small part of the lung that the tumor is
  isolated in
• Lobectomy- the surgical removal of an entire lobe
  of the lung
• Pneumonectomy- the surgical removal of an entire
  lung

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Non-Surgical Treatments

• Chemotherapy- drugs given through the mouth or
  injection to kill cancer
• Radiation Therapy- the use of an x-ray to kill or
  shrink cancer cells
• Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)- a special chemical
  that is injected into the body and absorbed by
  all cells
• Clinical Trials- any type of new tests that may
  treat the disease

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Graphs
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Pictures

• Counter clockwise
• cigarette, healthy lung, smokers lung, tumor in
  trachea, cancerous lung, cancerous lung

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More Pictures

• Clock wise cancer detected in x-ray, non-small
  cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer diseased
  lung, small cell site healthy body

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Bibliography

• http//www.lungcancer.org/patients/fs_pc_lc_101.ht
  m
• http//www.dictionary.com
• www.ricancercouncil.org/ facts/lungfacts.php
• http//cannabisnews.com/news/10/thread10025.shtml
• http//www.health-alliance.com/cancer/Lung/risk_fa
  ctors.html

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METASTASIS

• BY NICOLE MADISON

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WHAT IS METASTASIS????
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• the spreading of a disease to another part of the
  body
• the organic processes (in a cell or organism)
  that are necessary for life

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What Are The Signs And Symptoms
108
Signs

• Cough
• Weight Loss
• Confusion
• Weakness
• Shortness of breath
• Jaundice

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ARE THERE ANY TREATMENTS??????
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TREATMENTS

• Surgery
• Radiation
• Chemotherapy

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How Does The Cancer Move in Metastasis????
112

• spread to remote sites by being carried through
  either the lymph system, the bloodstream, or
  other fluids. 

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WEB SITES
http//www.tirgan.com/metastasis.htm
http//imags.google.com/images?qquestionmarksvn
um10hleenlrsafeactivestart20saNndsp20

• http//www.ask.com/web?qmetastasisofthelungsq
  src1o0

http//www.ask.com/web?qmetastasisofthelungst
reatmentsqsrc1o0
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FUN FACTS!!!!!!!
115
                                                
                                                  
                                 Blood is a
really bright red liquid. It runs around your
body, helping it to work properly. It also helps
stop some nasty bugs
                                                
                                                  
                               Your lungs help
you to breath. Take a big breathe and you will
make your lungs work really hard. Lungs help you
to breathe in nice clean air. And breathe out old
air.
116
                                                
                                                  
                                 

• Your brain like a big grey jelly. Its all
  spongy.

117

• Your eyes help you to see everything.
• They make these into something your brain can
  understand

118

• When you eat some food, it goes into your
  digestive system.
• This is where your food is turned into something
  your body can use.

119

• Your lungs help you to breath.
• Lungs help you to breathe in nice clean air and
  breathe out old air.