Respiratory%20System:

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Respiratory System

• A Breath of Fresh Air

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What is Cystic Fibrosis?

• Hereditary disease affecting mucus glands of
  lungs, liver, pancreas intestines
• This recessive disease causes mucus buildup in
  respiratory airways
• Leads to lung and sinus disease since bacteria
  that normally inhabit the thick mucus grow out of
  control and cause pneumonia.
• Leads to multisystem failure- although patients
  usually die in the 20s and 30s due to lung
  failure
• Lung transplantation is often necessary as it
  gets worse
• In addition, people with CF often develop
  clubbing of their fingers and toes due to the
  effects of chronic illness and low oxygen in
  their tissues.

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Clubbed fingers
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Fluids

• A fluid is a substance that has no defined form
  and can flow in all directions. ALL LIQUIDS AND
  GASES ARE FLUIDS!
• If fluids are compressible, their volume
  DECREASES when a force is applied to it.
• ex gases, like air, are compressible

• If a fluid is incompressible, the volume cannot
  be decreased by adding force to it
• ex liquids, like water, are incompressible

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Air composition

• Air is a fluid and it is a mixture of
• 78 Nitrogen
• 21 Oxygen
• 1 trace gases, such as Argon, Neon, Carbon
  dioxide, Helium, Methane, Hydrogen and water
  vapor

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Why do we need Oxygen?

• If the brain goes without oxygen for four
  minutes, it can be permanently damaged.
• Oxygen is used for cellular respiration, turning
  glucose into energy for the cells (oxidation
  reaction!!)
• Glucose O2 CO2 H2O ENERGY

• When you exhale, you release carbon dioxide and
  water vapor

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Purpose of Respiratory System

• 1) Provide the body with Oxygen
• 2) Provide a transfer site for Oxygen into the
  blood stream to be circulated throughout the
  body.
• 3) Eliminate Carbon dioxide
  from the body.

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Respiratory Airways

• What do they do?
• Take in air
• Warm up and moisten air
• Remove foreign particles from the air

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Anatomy of the Respiratory System

• The 6 main parts
• Nasal Cavity
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchial tubes (Bronchi Bronchioles)
• Lungs (Alveoli)

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Nasal Cavity

• Function
• Filters, warms, and moistens air as it enters
• It also contains FOUR SINUSES

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Respiratory Defense

• against Foreign Particles
• Nostril hair
• Mucus in the respiratory tract
• Cilia in the trachea and bronchial tubes

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Pharynx

• Function
• Handles air between nasal cavity and trachea
• Also contains the Tonsils

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Larynx

• Made of cartilage
• Also called the Adams Apple or voice box because
  it holds the vocal chords
• The Epiglottis is found at the top of the larynx

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Trachea

• Function
• Has cilia which filters particles in the air.

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Bronchial Tubes

• Made up of cartiliginous rings, like the trachea
• Function Filter particles in the air.

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Lungs

• Function
• Remove Oxygen (O2) from the air and put it into
  the bloodstream
• Remove Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream
  and release it into the atmosphere.

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Lungs

• Function
• Alveoli are thin, permeable sacs which are the
  functional units of the lungs- this is where gas
  exchange takes place.
• They are made up of a SINLGE LAYER OF CELLS!
• There are 300 million in each lung!

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Alveolar Network looks like an upside down tree!
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Gas Exchange

• For this to happen, we need 2 things
• Diffusion movement from an area of higher
  concentration of that substance to an area of
  lower concentration.
• Selectively permeable membrane a membrane that
  only allows certain substances to pass through.

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Gas Exchange
Lower Concentration of O2
Lower concentration of CO2
Selectively-permeable membrane
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Clip The Respiratory System
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Breathing
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Pressure and breathing

• When air pressure is low, it becomes more
  difficult to breathe
• Pressure is the measurement of force exerted on a
  surface
• (P in pascals) Force (in Newtons)
• Area of surface
  (in meters2)
• 1 N/m2 1 Pa
• 101.3 kPa 760 mm of Hg 1 atm

• Since air is made up of matter, it has mass and
  can exert force
• The fewer air particles, the less force is
  exerted, the smaller the air pressure
• This makes it hard to breathe

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• Relationship between Pressure and applied Force
  As the force increases, pressure increases
• Relationship between Pressure and Area As area
  increases, pressure decreases

Bed of Nails!!
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Back to Fluids

• Compressible fluids, like air, can decrease in
  volume when pressure increases. This is because
  force increases.
• Fluids like to move from areas of high pressure
  to areas of low pressure.
• Think of what happens when you breathe inhaling
  causes a decrease in pressure, allowing air to
  enter lungs
• Exhaling causes an increase in pressure, pushing
  air out
• You are squeezing the
  particles of air closer together every
  time you exhale

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Mechanism for inspiration (inhaling) and
Expiration (exhaling)
Inspiration Expiration
Intercostal muscles contract, ribs move out and up Intercostal muscles relax, ribs move in and down
Diaphragm contracts, moves down Diaphragm relaxes, moves up
Volume of chest cavity (thorax) and lungs increases Volume of chest cavity (thorax) and lungs decreases
Intrapulmonic pressure decreases causing air to enter lungs Intrapulmonic pressure increases, causing air to exit lungs
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Tobacco

• Effects
• Deterioration of the respiratory system resulting
  in diseases such as bronchitis and emphysema.
• Cardiovascular diseases characterized by damage
  to the heart and blood vessels.

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Tobacco

• Changes in blood composition
• Level of carbon monoxide, a toxic gas, increases-
  it binds readily with red blood cells, thus a
  loss of binding sites for O2 so transportation of
  O2 to the cells is greatly reduced.
• And

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Lung Cancer

• Estimates suggest that tobacco causes at least
  40 of all types of cancer and at least 90 of
  all cases of lung cancer
• Bottom line Tobacco reduces life expectancy

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Smoking and pregnancy

• Essentially, what the woman breathes, so does the
  baby.
• So it can cause
• stillbirths,
• premature babies,
• spontaneous abortions
• low weight babies
• And neurological damage

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Air pollutants

• Carbon monoxide.
• Insecticides
• Gasoline fumes
• Sulphur dioxide acid rain
• Dust particles, soot and sand, can clog the
  alveoli as well.

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Improving Air Quality

• Reduce the emissions of pollutants through
  legislation and the imposition of harsh fines.
• Ban smoking in public spaces and tougher
  regulations for industry
• Expand the number of green spaces in cities and
  protect those already in place.