INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

• THE CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE AND ITS DERIVATIVES

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CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE/SKIN

• EPIDERMIS
• DERMIS
• HYPODERMIS (ACTUALLY NOT PART OF SKIN)

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EPIDERMIS

• ECTODERM
• THIN
• lt 0.12 MM THICK OVER MOST OF BODY
• CONTINUALLY REGENERATING

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CELLS OF THE EPIDERMIS

• KERATINOCYTE
• MELANOCYTE
• MERKEL CELL
• LANGERHANS CELL

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KERATINOCYTE
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KERATINOCYTE
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MELANOCYTE
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MELANOCYTE
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LANGERHANS CELL
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LANGERHANS CELL
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MERKEL CELL
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LAYERS OF THE EPIDERMIS

• STRATUM BASALE
• STRATUM SPINOSUM
• STRATUM GRANULOSUM
• STRATUM LUCIDUM
• STRATUM CORNEUM

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STRATUM BASALE
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STRATUM SPINOSUM

• HAS CYTOPLASMIC EXTENSIONS THAT CONNECT CELLS
• LOOK LIKE SPINES
• DIVISION OF CELLS IN STRATUM BASALE PUSHES CELLS
  UP INTO SPINOSUM

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STRATUM SPINOSUM
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STRATUM SPINOSUM
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STRATUM GRANULOSUM
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STRATUM GRANULOSUM
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STRATUM LUCIDUM
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STRATUM CORNEUM
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THICK VS THIN SKIN

• RELATIVE THICKNESS OF EPIDERMIS
• MOST OF BODY HAS THIN SKIN
• THICK SKIN
• PALMS OF HANDS
• SOLES OF FEET

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EPIDERMAL RIDGES

• STRATUM GERMINAVATUM FORMS
• GENETICALLY DETERMINED
• UNIQUE TO INDIVIDUAL

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HOW DOES THE EPIDERMIS GET NUTRIENTS

• NO BLOOD SUPPLY TO EPIDERMIS
• DIFFUSES FROM DERMIS BELOW

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SKIN COLOR

• MELANIN
• CAROTENE
• HEMOGLOBIN IN BLOOD CAPILLARIES

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MELANOCYTES

• MIGRATE INTO EPIDERMIS
• TRANSFER PIGMENTS TO BASAL CELLS
• ALL PEOPLE HAVE THE SAME NUMBER OF MELANOCYTES
• DIFFER IN AMOUNT OF PRODUCTION

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CAROTENE

• ORANGE-YELLOW PIGMENT
• CAN BE CONVERTED TO VITAMIN A
• PRODUCES YELLOWISH HUE IN SOME RACES

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DERMIS

• DEEP TO STRATUM BASALE
• DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• MESODERM

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DERMIS

• PRIMARILY COLLAGEN FIBERS
• SOME ELASTIC AND RETICULAR
• BLOOD VESSELS
• LYMPH VESSELS
• GLANDS
• SENSORY ORGANS

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LAYERS OF DERMIS

• PAPILLARY
• RETICULAR

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PAPILLARY

• OUTER MORE SUPERFICIAL
• LIES CLOSE TO STRATUM BASALE
• HAS MANY DERMAL PAPILLAE

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DERMAL PAPILLAE

• SOME CONTAIN CAPILLARY LOOPS
• SOME CONTAIN SENSORY RECEPTORS

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RETICULAR LAYER
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CLEAVAGE LINES
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HYPODERMIS

• SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES
• LOOSE CONNECTIVE WITH

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GLANDS OF THE SKIN

• SUDORIFEROUS
• SEBACEOUS
• CERUMINOUS
• CILIARY
• MEIBOMIAN
• DOWN GROWTH OF ECTODERM

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SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS

• ECCRINE
• APOCRINE

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ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS

• FOUND ON NEARLY ALL SURFACES
• NOT FOUND ON NAILBEDS, LIP MARGINS, EARDRUMS,
  NIPPLES, INNER LIPS OF VULVA, OR TIP OF PENIS

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PERSPIRATION

• SECRETE DUE TO RISE IN TEMPERATURE OR
  PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS
• COLORLESS, WATERY SWEAT
• NEUTRAL FATS, ALBUMIN, UREA, LACTIC ACID, SODIUM
  CHLORIDE, POTASSIUM CHLORIDE, SUGAR AND ASCORBIC
  ACID

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SENSIBLE VS INSENSIBLE PERSPIRATION

• INSENSIBLE AN INACTIVE PERSON PRODUCES
  ABOUT 70 ML OF SWEAT A DAY
• SENSIBLE AN ATHLETE OR WORKER CAN PRODUCE OVER
  A LITER OF SWEAT DURING A DAY
• REGULATES BODY TEMPERATURE

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APOCRINE

• ODORIFEROUS GLANDS
• ARMPITS, DARK REGION AROUND NIPPLES, OUTER
  SURFACE OF VULVA, ANAL, AND GENITAL REGIONS
• LARGER AND MORE DEEP THAN ECCRINE GLANDS
• BECOME ACTIVE AT PUBERTY
• ENLARGE JUST BEFORE MENSTRUATION
• RESPOND TO STRESS
• CONTAIN HUMAN PHEROMONES

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CERUMINOUS GLANDS

• SPECIALIZED APOCRINE GLANDS
• OUT EAR CANAL
• SECRETE THE WATER COMPONENT OF CERUMEN

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SEBACEOUS GLANDS

• OIL GLANDS
• FOUND IN DERMIS
• FOUND NEXT TO HAIR FOLLICLE OR WHERE A HAIR
  FOLLICLE ONCE WAS
• FORM SEBUM

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SEBUM

• POLITE FAT
• SEMISOLID
• ALMOST ENTIRELY LIPDS 60 TRIGLYCERIDES
  FATTY ACIDS SOME WAXES ARE PRESENT
• PERMEABILITY LAYER
• SKIN SOFTENING AGENT
• BARRIER AGAINST MICROBES
• PHEROMONE

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HAIR

• KERATINIZED THREADS OF CELLS
• DOWN GROWTH OF EPIDERMIS
• COVERS ALL OF BODY EXCEPT PALMS, SOLES, LIPS, TIP
  OF PENIS, INNER LIPS OF VULVA AND NIPPLES.

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TYPES OF HAIRS

• LANUGO
• VELLUS
• INTERMEDIATE HAIRS
• TERMINAL HAIRS

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LANUGO
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TERMINAL HAIR

• REPLACE VELLUS ON SCALP AND EYEBROWS AT FIVE OR
  SIX YEARS
• COARSE TERMINAL HAIR APPEARS AT PUBERTY

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FUNCTION OF HAIR

• PROTECTION
• INSULATION
• PROTECTS EYES
• SCREENS OUT FOREIGN PARTICLES
• SEXUAL ATTRACTANT

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STRUCTURE OF HAIR

• MEDULLA
• CORTEX
• CUTICLE

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DERMAL PAPILLAE
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LIFE CYCLE OF A HAIR

• GROWTH PERIOD
• INACTIVE PERIOD
• LOSS OF HAIR
• NEW GROWTH
• GROW FASTER AT NIGHT
• FASTER IN WARM WEATHER

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NAILS

• MODIFICATION OF EPIDERMIS
• FLAT KERATINIZED PLATES
• TRANSLUCENT

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PARTS OF THE NAIL

• EPONYCHIUM
• HYPONYCHIUM

• MATRIX
• LUNULA

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EFFECTS OF AGING

• WRINKLES
• FEWER OIL AND SWEAT GLANDS
• LESS IMMUNE FUNCTION
• REDUCED BLOOD FLOW TO DERMIS

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LENTIGINES

• LIVER SPOTS
• SMOOTH FLAT BROWN AREA
• HANDS OR FACE

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SEBORRHEIC KERATOSES
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ANGIOMAS

• SMALL
• BRIGHT RED
• BUMPS

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GRAY OR WHITE HAIR

• DUE TO LESS MELANIN PRODUCTION

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OTHER EFFECTS OF AGING

• MORE HAIR IN NOSTRILS, EARS AND EYEBROWS
• POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN MAY GROW LONGER HAIR ON
  UPPER LIP
• LOSS OF HAIR BY BOTH MEN AND WOMEN

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FUNCTIONS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

• PROTECTION
• BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION
• EXCRETION
• SENSATION
• VITAMIN D

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PROTECTION

• PHYSICAL BARRIER
• ACIDIC SECRETIONS
• CAUSES ACIDIC p H (4-6.9)
• ACTS AS ANTISEPTIC LAYER
• FIRST LINE OF IMMUNE DEFENSE
• LANGERHANS CELLS IN EPIDERMIS
• MACROPHAGES IN DERMIS

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TEMPERATURE REGULATION

• ARTERIOLES IN DERMIS DILATE OR CONSTRICT TO
  REGULATE HEAT LOSS
• SWEAT GLANDS CAN RELEASE WATER TO FACILITATE HEAT
  LOSS BY EVAPORATION

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EXCRETION

• SWEAT
• NITROGENOUS WASTES
• SODIUM CHLORIDE

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SENSATION

• NERVE ENDINGS
• SPECIALIZED RECEPTORS
• MONITOR TEMPERATURE, LIGHT TOUCH, PRESSURE,
  PAIN.
• CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MONITORS AND INITIATES
  PROPER RESPONSE

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VITAMIN D PRODUCTION

• SUNLIGHT NECESSARY
• STEROL NECESSARY FOR ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM
• FACILITLATES NORMAL GROWTH OF BONES
• FACILITATES REPAIR OF FRACTURES

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REPAIR
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CLINICAL CONDITIONS

• BALDNESS
• BURNS
• CUTS WOUNDS
• ACNE
• CANCERS
• PRESSURE ULCERS

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MALE PATTERN BALDNESS
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BURNS

• FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD DEGREE

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FIRST DEGREE
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SECOND DEGREE
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THIRD DEGREE BURNS
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CUTS AND ABRASIONS
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CANCERS
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MELANOMA
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MELANOMA
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BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
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BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
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SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
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KARPOSIS SARCOMA
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KARPOSIS SARCOMA
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PRESSURE ULCERS
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PRESSURE ULCERS
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

• EPIDERMIS
• DERMIS

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EPIDERMIS

• ECTODERM
• ABOUT 7 WEEKS AFTER CONCEPTION PERIDERM FORMS
• ALL FIVE LAYERS CAN BE SEEN BY FOUR MONTHS
• VERNIX CASEOSA FORMED DURING FIFTH MONTH
• MELANIN PRODUCTION BEGINS JUST BEFORE BIRTH
• SKIN THICKENS AFTER BIRTH

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DERMIS

• FROM MESENCHYME
• ABOUT 11 WEEKS

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NAIL DEVELOPMENT

• BEGINS AT ABOUT 10 WEEKS
• TOE NAILS FIRST
• INITIALLY COVERED BY EPIDERMIS FORMS THE
  CUTICLE
• REACH TIPS OF FINGERS BY WEEK 32
• REACH TIPS OF TOES BY WEEK 36