The Scientific Revolution

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The Scientific Revolution
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What Was the Scientific Revolution?

• A revolution in human understanding and knowledge
  about the physical universe
• 17th century
• Began with discoveries in astronomy

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Science Before the Scientific Revolution

• Based on reasoning
• Experiments werent used
• Science in medieval times
• Alchemy potions/cures
• Astrology positions of planets/stars influence
  behavior

A medieval alchemist
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Factors Leading to the Scientific Revolution

• Rise of universities
• Exploration contact with Africa, Asia, advances
  in technology
• Renaissance
• Printing press

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Models of the Universe Geocentric vs.
Heliocentric

• Geocentric the Earth is at the center of the
  universe all heavenly bodies move around the
  Earth

Heliocentric the Sun is at the center of the
universe all heavenly bodies move around the
Sunincluding the Earth
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Nicholas Copernicus (14731543)

• Polish astronomer and mathematician
• Heliocentric (sun centered) theory
• Circular motion

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Tycho Brahe (15461601)

• Danish astronomer
• Amassed accurate astronomical data
• Theorized a system distinct from both the
  Ptolemaic and Copernican ones
• Argued that the Moon and Sun revolve around the
  Earth while other planets revolve around the Sun

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Johannes Kepler (15711630)

• German astronomer and mathematician
• Disagreed with Copernicus, claiming that other
  bodies moved in elliptical motion,

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Galileo Galilei (15641642)

• Italian mathematician, astronomer
• Father of Science
• Telescopes and astronomical discoveries
• Saturn has rings!

Galileos telescopic drawing of the moon
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Galileo vs. the Catholic Church

• The church condemned heliocentric conceptions of
  the universe
• Galileo put under house arrest

19th-century depiction of Galileo before the
Inquisition tribunal
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Keplers Three Laws of Planetary Motion

• Law of Ellipses Planets orbit the sun in
  elliptical patterns
• Law of Equal Areas The speed of planetary motion
  changes constantly depending on the distance from
  the Sun
• Law of Harmonies Compares the movement of all
  the planets, claiming a similarity in their motion

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Rationalism

• Reason, not tradition, is the source of all
  knowledge
• René Descartes (15961650)
• French philosopher and mathematician
• Cogito ergo sum (I think, therefore, I am)
• Deductive reasoning

René Descartes
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Empiricism

• The belief that experience is the only true
  source of knowledge
• Roger Bacon
• Shift toward empiricism a hallmark of the
  Scientific Revolution
• Helped lead to the development of the scientific
  method

Roger Bacon
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Francis Bacon andthe Scientific Method

• Empiricism Scientific Method
• Use facts to make conclusions

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The Scientific Method

• Science as a multiple-step process

3. Test the theory with experiments
2. Develop a theory that explains the object or
phenomenon
1. Observe an object or phenomenon
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Roots of Scientific Thought Aristotle

• 4th century BCE Greek philosopher and scientist
• Wrote several scientific works
• His work laid the foundation for scientific study
  through the medieval era
• Gravity/Theory of falling objects
• Astronomy Crystal spheres

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Roots of Scientific Thought Ptolemy

• 2nd century CE Greek astronomer, mathematician,
  and geographer
• The Almagest (Syntaxis)
• Geocentric (earth-centered) model of the universe
• Motion of the planets

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Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World

• Galileos major work
• Written in 1632
• Argued in favor of the heliocentric model of the
  universe

Frontspiece from the Dialogue from left to
right, the figures shown are Aristotle, Ptolemy,
and Copernicus
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Sir Isaac Newton (16421727)

• English astronomer, physicist, and mathematician
• Synthesized the works of Copernicus, Kepler and
  Galileo
• Theories on gravity and motion

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Newtons Laws of Motion

• Law of Inertia-bodies in motion tend to stay in
  motion unless acted on by an outside force
• Fundamental Law of Dynamics
• Law of Reciprocal Actions-for every action, there
  is an equal and opposite reaction

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Medicine Before the Scientific Revolution

• Church didnt allow dissection
• Illness was punishment for sin
• Medicine challenged will of God

Illustration depicting a bloodletting, an
accepted medical procedure before the Scientific
Revolution
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Ancient Medicine Galen (131201 CE)

• Greek physician
• Bodily humours different types of fluid cause
  illness
• Use bloodletting, potions, vomiting to heal
• Never studied human body, just pigs

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Medieval Medicine The Catholic Church

• Provided for care of the poor and the sick
• Clerics treated sick
• Eventually, university-trained doctors treat sick

Clerics treat a royal patient with leeches
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Andreas Vesalius (15141564)

• Corrected many of Galens errors
• Dissected humans and drew them

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Edward Jenner

• Vaccine to prevent smallpox, used cowpox to
  prevent smallpox

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William Harvey (15781657)

• English physician
• On the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals
• Described the functioning of the heart and
  circulatory system
• Disproved Galens theories

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Chemistry
Joseph Priestley (17331804) Identified oxygen
Antoine Lavoisier (17431794) Water H2O
Robert Boyle (16271691)
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Carolus Linnaeus (17071778)

• Swedish botanist
• Classification and naming of flora and fauna

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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck(17441829)

• French biologist
• Early theory of evolution
• Philosophie Zoologique
• Lamarcks laws

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Mathematics

• Math symbols for addition, subtraction,
  multiplication and division invented in 1603
• Analytical geometry Descartes
• Calculus Newton

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New Invention The Telescope

• Invented in the Netherlands
• Galileo
• Newton

Illustration of Galileo at his telescope
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New Invention The Microscope

• Zacharias Janssen invented
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observe bacteria

Hookes drawing of a flea (from Micrographia)
A Janssen microscope, c.1600
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New Invention The Pendulum Clock

• Allowed scientists to more accurately measure time

Huygenss design for a pendulum clock
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New Invention Barometer

• Invented by 17th-century Italian physicist
  Evangelista Torricelli
• The barometer measures air pressure

Torricellis barometer experiment
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New Invention Thermometer

• Invented in the 17th century by Santorio
  Santorio, an Italian scientist
• Gabriel Fahrenheit first to use mercury/glass
• Anders Celsius temp scale

Santorio Santorio
Illustration depicting Santorios thermometer
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New Invention Mechanical Calculator

• Invented by Wilhelm Schickard, a German
  inventor could add, subtract, multiply, divide

Wilhelm Schickard
A 1624 sketch Schickard made of his calculator
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The Significance of the Scientific Revolution

• Abandonment of ancient and medieval systems
• Development of the scientific method
• The Enlightenment
• Where would we be today without these inventions?
  This knowledge?