Nationalism comes to Italy, 1815-1861

1
Nationalism comes to Italy, 1815-1861

• Il Risorgimento!
• The Resurgence!

2
(No Transcript)
3
The Italian Peninsula
Review

• Pre 1850 NO Italy
• (Metternich called it a geographic expression)
• Independent kingdoms
• Austria Lombardy, Venetia
• Italian Sardinia, Piedmont (King Charles Albert)
• Tuscany Central States
• Papal States
• Spanish Bourbons Kingdom of 2 Sicilies
• Piedmont and Sardinia - most progressive kingdom
• Ruled by the Kings of the House of Savoy

4
Early attempts at unification 1815-1848
Review

• 1) Carbonari first vs. Napoleon then Austria
• charcoal burners
• Want Italian Unity
• 2) Mazzini 1805-1872
• Established Young Italy in 1831
• Goals
• Eliminate Austria from Italian politics
• Overthrow Italian tyrants
• Universal suffrage will of the people
• Unite Italy centralized democratic republic

5
Early attempts at unification 1815-1848
Review

• 3) Gioberti Catholic priest
• Federation of existing states
• Presidency by progressive pope, however
• Pope Pius IX (1846-1878) liberal but vs.
  unification
• Driven from Rome 1848-April 1850 by Garibaldi and
  his Red Shirts
• Syllabus of Errors 1864 vs. rationalism,
  socialism, modernism
• 4) Autocracy of Sardinia-Piedmont
• King Charles Albert (1831-1849)
• King Victor Emmanuel II (1849-1861)

6
Attempts at unifying 1848-1861

• 1848
• Rioting in Sicily, Lombardy, Venice
• March Piedmont-Sardinia - Charles Albert,
  (1831-1849)
• granted subjects a liberal constitution
• Bourbon ruler of the Two Sicilies, Ferdinand II,
  forced to grant a liberal constitution
• 1848
• May Two Sicilies revolt suppressed
• July Austrians restored control in Lombardy
  Venetia
• 1849
• In February, Mazzini and Garibaldi proclaim
  Roman Republic in the Papal States!
• French take Rome in April of 1850 Pope returns
• Austrians defeat Piedmont forces

Review
7
Camillo di Cavour

• 1810-1861, Piedmont nobility
• Finance minister of Piedmont under Victor
  Emmanuel II till 1852
• 1852 Prime Minister of Piedmont
• Realist Liberal who pushed liberal reform
• Pro industry, expansion
• Reformed Piedmont currency
• Balanced state budget
• Promoted economic development
• Financed large army
• Anti Church
• Siccardi Laws 1851 - suppressed privileges of
  clergy Church (civil law over canon law)
• Ratazzi Bill 1855 suppression of monasteries
• Opposed to romantic nationalism of Mazzini

8
Camillo di Cavour

• First pro northern unity didnt want papal
  states
• BUT realized cant win vs. Austria without help
  turns to France!
• Napoleon III willing in 1858
• So Piedmont provokes war vs. Austria but July
  1859 Napoleon III signs Peace of Villafranca with
  Austria
• No unification YET
• Lombardy unified with Piedmont Parma, Modena,
  Tuscany northern part of Papal states vote to
  join PIedmont BUT Venetia still Austrian!
• Cavour resigns!!! enraged!!!! but returns, of
  course

9
(No Transcript)
10
Giuseppi Garibaldi ending Risorgimento

• 1807-1882 aka The Sword
• Goals
• Eliminate Austria from Italian politics
• Overthrow Italian tyrants
• Unite Italy as democratic republic
• May 1860 Red Shirt guerillas to liberate 2
  Sicilies
• Encouraged by Victor Emmanuel II (BUT Cavour
  distrusts him)
• Wins by Sept and heads to Rome to attack
• Cavour 1 step ahead occupies papal states to
  prevent chaos
• Plebiscite unites North and South Garibaldi
  VE II

11
Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy
12
Viva Italia!

• 1861 Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy (Cavour
  dies!!)
• All states except Venetia (Austria), Rome (Pope)
• 1866 Venetia won due to Prussian victory over
  Austria (Austro-Prussian War)
• 1870 Rome taken as French troops pull out! (due
  to Franco-Prussian War)
• Under King Victor Emmanuel II
• Parliamentary Monarchy w/ limited male suffrage
  (600,000 of 2 million can vote)
• Mazzini disappointed with results of unification
• Sig Unity (on paper!!!) BUT revolutionary
  movements continue socialist / anarchist