Superconductivity UK

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Superconductivity UK
Commercial markets forsuperconducting motors
Dr. Philip Sargent, Diboride Conductors Ltd.
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Conectus Roadmap 4K
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Conectus Roadmap 4K 77K
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Adoption of Innovations
C h a s m
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Large-scale Innovation
Technologypush
Marketpull
UK Innovation Systems for New and Renewable
Energy Technologies, June 2003. ICCEPT
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Conectus 2001
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SuperconductivityPower Markets (ISIS)
2003
DC
Power
20b
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ISIS 2002
38b by 2020
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MRI but why not motors?

• NMR MRI (software)
• Magnets, 4.2K He
• 1.5T typical (3T Siemens pictured)
• 4 billion/y

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Benefits of SC motors

• High power density
• High partial load efficiency
• Low noise (air core)
• Superior negative sequence capability
• Excellent transient stability
• Low synchronous reactance - small load angle
• Low harmonic content
• Cyclic load insensitivity
• Low maintenance

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150kW Reliance Motor
Racetrack coils forming the rotor.
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746kW Motor July 2000

• B2223 Wire
• 1,800 rpm
• 97.1 Efficiency
• 1,600 hp peak load

Key Product Development Benchmark
AMSC/Rockwell Demonstration of High Efficiency
Design
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3.7 MW Motor July 2001

• B2223 Wire
• 1,800 rpm
• 97.2 Efficiency
• at full load 5,000hp
• 7,000 hp peak load

Designed by AMSC to Reduce Manufacturing Costs
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Liq.Neon motors

• AMSC motor

• Siemens motor

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Timeline
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Targets

• Copper 6 22 /kA.m (400 to 100 A/cm2)
• B2223 100 /kA.m (at 27K)

Device kA/cm2 T /kA.m
Motor 105 4 10
Generator 105 4 10
Dick Blaugher, NREL
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AC Power Superconductors
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Temperatures
Liquid Phase at 1 atmosphere
CO
N
O
Ne
H
He
0
20
40
60
80
T (K)
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Cryogenic Cooling Costs
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Capital costs 1 MW machine

• Cryogenic systems are 4-6 /W (electric)
• Cold-side losses are 50W0.03 W/kW, so for a 1MW
  motor are 80W at 27K, requires a 6kW (e)
  cryocooler if 8 Carnot eff.
• Thus cryogenics costs 40k since it must be
  priced to the peak load
• Energy saved gt 7k a year
• So a 6-year payback period. (NPV is worse)

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Cryogenic arguments

• New work in neon cryogen systems seems sensible
• Conduction-cooled machine designs need exploring
  20-24K and 27K-35K
• Thermal reservoirs need investigating
• Reducing the capital cost of cryogenics is more
  important than their efficiency for motor markets
• Industrial markets for motors depend on
  cryogenics costs more than on superconductor
  costs or properties even at 77K.

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Mulholland ORNL Model
Assumed by analogy with other fibres B2223/YBCO
Wire cost (/kA.m)
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Mulholland ORNL Model June 2003
Assumed market growth rates
Motors gt370kW
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Mulholland ORNL Model
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Mulholland ORNL Model
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Motor Markets

• Energy efficiency argument is true, but cost
  savings undermined by cryogenics capital cost.
• Market will depend on size and weight benefits.
• Manufacturing benefits of reduced size
• production line instead of build in-situ
• but early adopters will be build to order
  companies
• Transport applications,
• self-weight issues,
• volume (drag) issues.

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Shipping

• 2 billion market in 20MW ships motors by 2010
• Reliability of cryogenics also an issue
• Superconducting generators too in due course

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Superconducting Mag-Lev Trains ?

• Best for 330 500 km/h, 300-500km, acceleration
• Linear electric drive..

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or TGV and Eurostar ?

• Mag-lev in Shanghai uses conventional Cu/Fe
• Maybe the next time the Eurostar is re-engined,
  it will be with superconducting motors.

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Thankyou
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Mag-Lev Train in Service 2003

• Shanghai airport
• 430 km/h
• 30 km
• Copper coils not s/c

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Minesweepers

• Ray guns or trains ?
• Military uses
• Launchers
• Minesweepers

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HPM Crowd Control ml

• Directed Energy High Power Microwave,
  progressive penalty munitions
• Eureka Aerospace proposes a novel approach for
  denying ground vehicles the entrance to selected
  area by stopping them using a microwave system
  for stopping vehicles (MSSV).
• The proposed system consists of high power
  source, such as magnetron and suitable antenna to
  direct the microwave energy towards the vehicle
  and bring the vehicle to rest, without causing
  permanent damage to the vehicle or pose any
  danger to humans. The MSSV can be deployed in a
  variety of places including (1) an airborne
  platform such as helicopter

• In March 2001, at its base in Quantico, Virginia,
  the Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate (JNLWD)
  unveiled its latest non-lethal weapon. The
  Vehicle Mounted Active Denial System (VMADS)
  which works through a special transmitter that
  fires two second bursts of focused microwave
  energy that causes a burning sensation on the
  skin of people up to 700 yards away. The beam
  penetrates less than a millimetre under the skin,
  heating the skin's surface but causing no burn
  marks.
• High power, low volume, low weight generators
  low loss electrical conductors, high Q cavities

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Transformers a big prizeCost of Ownership in
/kW
Cu (300 K) _at_ 300 A/cm2 HTS (68 K) MgB2 (25 K)
Losses 60
Cryo -
Wire 5
Total 65
2000 ABB SPI Phase I Analysis
Paul Grant EPRI
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Magnets Quench

• Rutherford cable
• gt2000 Nb-Ti filaments
• in Copper

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