CHAPTERS 2

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CHAPTERS 2 4CULTURE STRUCTURE
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CULTURE IS

• The rules and tools of society (Smith-Lahrman)
• the total way of life shared by members of a
  society (Brinkerhoff, p. 32).

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COMPONENTS OF CULTURE

• Norms
• Values
• Material Culture

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NORMS ARE

• shared rules of conduct that specify how people
  ought to feel, think, and act (Brinkerhoff, p.
  39).

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Folkways are norms that are customary, normal,
habitual ways a group does things (Brinkerhoff,
p. 40).
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Mores are norms associated with strong feelings
of right and wrong (Brinkerhoff, p. 40).
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VALUES ARE
shared ideas about desirable goals
(Brinkerhoff, p. 39).
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Values justify norms.

• They answer the question Why do you follow
  that norm?

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MATERIAL CULTURE CONSISTS OF ALL THE PHYSICAL
PRODUCTS OF A SOCIETY.
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is the tendency to view the norms and values of
our own culture as standards against which to
judge the practices of other cultures
(Brinkerhoff, p. 35).
ETHNOCENTRISM
Cultural Relativity

• requires that each cultural trait be evaluated
  in the context of its own culture (Brinkerhoff,
  p. 35).

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NATURE VS. NURTURE
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SOCIOBIOLOGY

• is the study of the biological basis of all
  forms of human behavior (Brinkerhoff, p. 37).

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Two tests for determining if a behavior is nature
(biology) or nurture (culture)

• Peoples ability to act against seemingly
  biological drives.

• Cultural Diversity

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SOCIAL STRUCTURE
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STRUCTURE
recurrent pattern of relationships
(Brinkerhoff, p. 75).
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STRUCTURE
(1) group (2) status (3) role (4) institutions
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Group

• two or more people who interact on the basis of
  shared social structure and recognize mutual
  dependency (Brinkerhoff, p. 101).

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STATUS

• a specialized position within the group
  (Brinkerhoff, p. 75) or structure.

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ASCRIBED STATUS

• fixed by birth and inheritance and is
  unalterable in a persons lifetime (Brinkerhoff,
  p. 76).

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ACHIEVED STATUS

• optional, one that a person can obtain in a
  lifetime (Brinkerhoff, p. 75).

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ROLES

• sets of norms specifying the rights and
  obligations associated with a status
  (Brinkerhoff, p. 77).

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ROLESBUNDLES OF NORMSSTATUS
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DRAMATURGY

• Statuses are the characters in the play.
• Roles are the scripts.

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ROLE-MAKINGrather than passively playing our
roles, we actively create them.
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COMPATIBILITY OF ROLES

• 1. Role Strain caused by incompatible role
  demands within a single status (Brinkerhoff, p.
  77).
• 2. Role Conflict caused by incompatibility
  between the roles of two or more statuses held by
  an individual (Brinkerhoff, p. 77).

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INSTITUTIONS
enduring and complex social structures that meet
basic human needs (Brinkerhoff, p. 77).
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FIVE INSTITUTIONS

• Family
• Education
• Economy
• Politics
• Religion