EUROPE - The adventure of discovery

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EUROPE - The adventure of discovery
CLASSICAL WORLD   700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 100 200 300 400 500
CLASSICAL WORLD -753 Founding of Rome                        
499 BC to 500 AD -600   Classical Greece Classical Greece -337                  
499 BC to 500 AD -559   Persian Empire Persian Empire -331                  
499 BC to 500 AD -509     Roman Republic Roman Republic Roman Republic Roman Republic -27            
499 BC to 500 AD -500     Celts Celts Celts Celts Celts 43          
499 BC to 500 AD -55             Roman Britain Roman Britain Roman Britain Roman Britain Roman Britain 410  
499 BC to 500 AD 1               the Barbarians the Barbarians the Barbarians the Barbarians the Barbarians 450
499 BC to 500 AD 27               Roman Empire Roman Empire Roman Empire Roman Empire Roman Empire 475
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EUROPE - The adventure of discovery
Europe up to 500 BC

• farming communities sprang up in southeast Europe
  around 6000 BC
• they had also developed in the north by 4000 BC
• on Atlantic coasts, they started building mounds,
  henges stone circles from around 4000 BC
  (examples Stonehenge - Avebury - Carnac)
• the oldest of these are in Ireland
• there are many fine examples in England, Scotland
  Brittany
• leading up to 500 BC, the Celts dominated Europe
• most advanced civilisations were Mycenae in
  Greece Etruscans in Italy

The eruption of Santorini the destruction of
the Minoan Civilisation
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EUROPE - The adventure of discovery
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Classical Greece 600 to 337 BC

• independent city-states (polis) grew up
• surrounding mountains provided protection
• they built encircling walls and a fort
  (acropolis) was built on a high place inside
• Athens Sparta were the two most important of
  many
• each had own customs, laws forms of government
• they tended to expand towards Black Sea Africa
• they were very competitive with each other
• they fought hard for freedom, especially against
  the Persians
• they were traders, sailors adventurers
• also philosophers influenced many faraway
  cultures
• built philosophies based on observation, reason
  discussion

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EUROPE - The adventure of discovery
(the importance of the Battle of Marathon)
Classical Greece 600 to 337 BC
A biography ofAlexander the Great

• they triumphed at Battles of Marathon Salamis
  around 480BC
• from 431 they spent over 25 years fighting each
  other in the Peloponnesian War
• Sparta feared the growth of Athenian power, so
  the city-states never became a united country
• city-states united to fight off the Persians
• disunity resulted in invasion by Philip II of
  Macedonia, father of Alexander the Great They
  gave us language, architecture, philosophy and
  democracy ..

The Elgin Marbles
More photos of Ancient Greece
The Parthenon one / two / three
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• sons of freemen went to school
• girls were taught weaving household skills by
  mothers
• at 6 or 7, boys learned reading, writing, music,
  dancing athletics
• they wrote on wax tablets, using a stick called
  a stylus

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• a new Greek colony is established
• Inside the city wall will be a marketplace,
  temples, law courts, houses, workshops and
  council chambers

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EUROPE - AD 1
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EUROPE - The adventure of discovery
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BBC
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The Founding of Rome - 753 to 509 BC
LINK

• legend has it that Rome was founded by local
  tribespeople who camped on Rome's 7 hills
• the people were Sabines and Latins Romulus was
  their first King
• they were influenced by their neighbours the
  Etruscans and traders from Greece Carthage
• the Etruscans, from Etruria, lived in city-states
  emerging around 800 BC
• they were farmers, metalworkers, seafarers
  traders, and liked music, games gambling
• they were greatly influenced by the Greeks and
  worshipped Greek Gods

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EUROPE - The adventure of discovery
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The Founding of Rome - 753 to 509 BC

• early Rome was ruled by Kings, who formed armies
  to defend Rome
• the kings had disputes with the patricians, the
  leading families
• the patricians were more representative of a
  changing, more urbanised Rome
• they eventually overthrew the monarchy in 509
  BC, leading to the Republic
• this was the first republic in the world

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EUROPE - The adventure of discovery
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The Roman Republic 509 to 27 BC

• Rome was run in the 5th century BC by
  patricians (lords, the ruling class)
• there was a struggle between Patricians and
  Plebians (ordinary people)
• this led to the writing of a legal code and the
  Roman Republic
• Rome embarked on wars that led to their control
  of all the Italian peninsular
• Rome clashed with Carthage over trade in the
  Mediterranean, leading to the Punic Wars lasting
  60 years
• Rome established new cities, organisation and
  prosperity, giving conquered peoples Roman
  citizenship if they cooperated
• by 44 BC they ruled France, Spain, Europe south
  of the Danube, Anatolia Northern Africa

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EUROPE - The adventure of discovery
the sad story of Hannibal Carthage
The Roman Empire built on military power
one
two
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EUROPE - The adventure of discovery
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The Roman Empire 27 BC to 475 AD
Pompeii

• in 100 BC, friction arose between patricians and
  plebians again
• power struggles between generals led to civil war
• in 44 BC, Julius Caesar became Emperor for Life,
  but alarmed Republicans assassinated him, and
  the Republic collapsed
• Romans chose dictatorship to chaos, and Octavian
  gradually took control
• under him, trade extended as far as East Africa,
  India China
• the Empire expanded and built roads, towns and
  cities
• Emperors relied more on the army than on the
  people
• most Emperors chose their successors some were
  deposed by soldiers
• from 100 AD, Rome was ruled by strong Emperors
  Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Marcus Aurelius
• by 117 AD, the Empire had grown too large
  soldiers could no longer be paid with booty,
  slaves and land taken from those conquered
• the last conquests were in Britain, Syria,
  Palestine Egypt most conquered people adapted
  to Roman life

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The Romans great builders of antiquity
The Romans were master bridge- builders, not only
for transport of people and goods, but also for
water. They built magnificent aquaducts all
over theirEmpire, and some arestill in use
today.
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The Romansgreat builders of antiquitysome
famous monuments

• Fast communications, meaning good roads, were
  one of the Romans greatest assets in the
  conquest and control of their Empire.
• Most of their roads were straight, and many of
  the routes they followed can still be seen to
  this day.

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EUROPE - The adventure of discovery
The Roman Empire, 2nd century AD
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EUROPE - The adventure of discovery
The Roman Empire built on military power
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EUROPE - The adventure of discovery
The Roman Empire built on military power
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EUROPE - The adventure of discovery
The Roman Empire built on military power
The Battle of Alesia - 52 BC