Molecules of Life

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Molecules of Life
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Got Lactose?
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• Lactose intolerance
• Mutation

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Global Warming

• Fossil fuels
• Use releases CO2
• Global warming

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Organic Compounds

• Life is C based

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Organic Compounds

• Outer shell has ____ e-
• How many bonds can form?

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Organic Compounds
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• Carbon chains vary
• Hydrocarbons
• Isomers
• Different structures

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Organic Compounds
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• Functional groups
• Group of atoms
• Give organic molecules properties

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Functional Groups
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OH
Estradiol
HO
Female lion
OH
O
Testosterone
Male lion
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Macromolecules
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• Four main classes
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids

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Making Molecules
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• Large molecules are made by
• By joining smaller molecules
• Monomers linked to form polymers
• By dehydration

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Making Molecules
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• Polymers -gt monomers
• By hydrolysis

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Carbohydrates
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• Monosaccharides simplest carbohydrates

Figure 3.4A
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Carbohydrates
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• The carbohydrate monomers
• Monosaccharides
• Formula is a multiple of CH2O

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Monosaccharides
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• Isomers

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Monosaccharides
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Disaccharides
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• Monosaccharides join to form
• sucrose (table sugar) and maltose (brewing sugar)

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Polysaccharides
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• Long chains of monosaccharide monomers
• Used for storage
• Starch
• Glycogen
• Support
• Cellulose

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Polysaccharides
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Sweet!
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• Why?
• Taste sweet because they bind to sweet
  receptors on the tongue

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Fats and Lipids
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• Energy-storage molecules
• C and H in non-polar bonds

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Fats
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• Triglycerides
• Glycerol linked to three fatty acids
• Energy storage

Figure 3.8B
Figure 3.8C
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Phospholipids and More
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• Phospholipids -gt cell membranes
• Waxes?
• Steroids are often hormones

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Lipids
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• Hydrophobic

Figure 3.8A
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What are Trans Fats?

• Formed by hydrogenation of fats
• Raises LDL cholesterol
• Fats become solid at room temp.

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Proteins
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• Proteins are
• Made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds
• Vital to cells
• They regulate chemical reactions

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Protein Diversity
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• Different arrangements of a set of 20 amino acids
• Amino acid have specific properties
• Functional groups

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Figure 3.12B
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Producing Proteins
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• Cells link amino acids together
• By dehydration
• Form peptide chains

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Protein Shape
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• Determines function

Figure 3.13B
Figure 3.13A
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Protein Shape
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• Four levels of structure
• 1) Primary Structure
• Amino acid sequence

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Protein Shape
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• 2)Secondary structure
• Coiling or folding of the chain

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Protein Shape
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• 3)Tertiary Structure
• Three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide

Figure 3.14C
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Protein Shape
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• 4) Quaternary Structure
• Put together two or more polypeptide chains

Figure 3.14D
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Nucleic Acids
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• Sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

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Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic Acids
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• DNA is double strand
• RNA is a single strand
• Stretches of a DNA molecule called genes

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Question of the Day

• Good Carbs? Bad Carbs?
• Many diets today promote good carbs, and the
  FDA recommends at least 3 servings of whole
  grains. What types of food are these? What are
  their benefits?