Motivation

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Motivation

• Motivation
• a need or desire that energizes and directs
  behavior
• Instinct
• complex behavior that is rigidly patterned
  throughout a species and is unlearned

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Motivation

• Drive-Reduction Theory
• the idea that a physiological need creates an
  aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an
  organism to satisfy the need

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Motivation

• Homeostasis
• tendency to maintain a balanced or constant
  internal state
• regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around
  a particular level
• Incentive
• a positive or negative environmental stimulus
  that motivates behavior

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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

• begins at the base with physiological needs that
  must first be satisfied
• then higher-level safety needs become active
• then psychological needs become active

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Motivation-Hunger

• Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of
  hunger

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Motivation-Hunger

• Glucose
• the form of sugar that circulates in the blood
• provides the major source of energy for body
  tissues
• when its level is low, we feel hunger

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Motivation-Hunger

• Set Point
• the point at which an individuals weight
  thermostat is supposedly set
• when the body falls below this weight, an
  increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate
  may act to restore the lost weight
• Basal Metabolic Rate
• bodys base rate of energy expenditure

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Motivation-Hunger

• The hypothalamus controls eating and other body
  maintenance functions

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Motivation-Hunger
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Eating Disorders

• Anorexia Nervosa
• when a normal-weight person diets and becomes
  significantly (gt15) underweight, yet, still
  feeling fat, continues to starve
• usually an adolescent female
• Bulimia Nervosa
• disorder characterized by episodes of overeating,
  usually of high-calorie foods, followed by
  vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive
  exercise

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Womens Body Images
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Sexual Motivation

• Sex
• a physiologically based motive, like hunger, but
  it is more affected by learning and values
• Sexual Response Cycle
• the four stages of sexual responding described by
  Masters and Johnson
• excitement
• plateau
• orgasm
• resolution

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Sexual Motivation

• Refractory Period
• resting period after orgasm, during which a man
  cannot achieve another orgasm

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Forces Affecting Sexual Motivation
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Sexual Motivation

• Same drives, different attitudes

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Sexual Motivation

• Births to unwed parents

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Sexual Motivation

• Sexual Orientation
• an enduring sexual attraction toward members of
  either ones own gender (homosexual orientation)
  or the other gender (heterosexual orientation)

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biological Correlates of sexual Orientation

• Differences in the brain
• A particular cell cluster in the hypothalamus is
  larger in straight men than in women and gay men
• Corpus callosum is larger in gay men than in
  women or straight men.

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biological Correlates of sexual Orientation

• Genetic influence
• Shared sexual orientation is higher among
  identical twins than among fraternal twins

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biological Correlates of sexual Orientation

• Influences of Prenatal Hormones
• Altered prenatal hormone exposure may lead to
  homosexuality in humans and other animals
• Men with several older brothers are more likely
  to be gay.

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biological Correlates of sexual Orientation

• Observed gay-straight differences
• Spatial abilities
• Fingerprint ridge counts
• Auditory system
• Handedness
• Occupational preferences

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biological Correlates of sexual Orientation

• Observed gay-straight differences
• Relative finger lengths
• Age at male puberty
• Male body size
• Directionality of hair growth on crown

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Sexual Motivation
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Motivation at Work

• Flow
• a completely, involved, focused state of
  consciousness, with diminished awareness of self
  and time, resulting from optimal engagement of
  ones skills
• Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology
• the application of psychological concepts and
  methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

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Motivation at Work

• Personnel Psychology
• sub-field of I-O psychology that focuses on
  employee recruitment, selection, placement,
  training, appraisal, and development
• Organizational Psychology
• Sub-field of I-O psychology that examines
  organizational influences on worker satisfaction
  and productivity and facilitates organizational
  change

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Motivation at Work
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Motivation at Work

• Structured Interview
• process that asks the same job-relevant questions
  of all applicants
• rated on established scales
• Achievement Motivation
• a desire for significant accomplishment
• for mastery of things, people, or ideas
• for attaining a high standard

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Motivation at Work

• Personnel psychologists tasks

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Motivation at Work

• 360-degree feedback

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Motivation at Work

• On the right path

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Motivation

• Task Leadership
• goal-oriented leadership that sets standards,
  organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
• Social Leadership
• group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork,
  mediates conflict, and offers support

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Motivation

• Theory X
• assumes that workers are basically lazy,
  error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money
  
• workers should be directed from above
• Theory Y
• assumes that, given challenge and freedom,
  workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and
  to demonstrate their competence and creativity