Classification

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Classification
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Species of Organisms

• There are 13 billion known species, but
• Represents only 5 of all organisms that ever
  lived!
• New organisms are still being found and
  identified

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What is Classification?

• Classification is the arrangement of organisms
  into orderly groups based on their similarities
• Classification is also known as taxonomy
• Taxonomists are scientists that identify name
  organisms

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Benefits of Classifying

• Accurately uniformly names organisms
• Prevents misnomers (starfish jellyfish aren't
  really fish!)
• Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all
  names

Seahorse??
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Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names
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Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists
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Early Taxonomists

• 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first
  taxonomist
• He divided organisms into plants animals
• He subdivided them by their habitat ---land,
  sea, or air dwellers

Factors used to classify objects into a group are
called CRITICAL ATTRIBUTES.
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Early Taxonomists

• John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin
  for naming
• Names were very long detailed descriptions
  telling everything about the plant

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Carolus Linnaeus

• 18th century taxonomist
• Classified organisms by their structure
• Developed naming system which is still used today

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Carolus Linnaeus

• Called the Father of Modern Taxonomy
• Developed the modern system of naming known as
  binomial nomenclature
• Two-word name (Genus species)

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Standardized Naming
Turdus migratorius

• Genus species
• Usually Latin
• Italicized in print
• Capitalize genus, but NOT species
• Underline when writing

American Robin
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Binomial Nomenclature
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Corn

• Plantae
• Spermatophyta      
• Magnoliophyta
• Liliopsida
• Cyperales
• Poaceae
• Zea (Genus)
• mays (species)
• Pioneer 32 D 99

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Rules for Naming Organisms

• The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature
  contains the rules for naming organisms
• All names must be approved by International
  Naming Congress (International Zoological
  Congress)
• This prevents duplicated names

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Classification Groups

• Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which
  related organisms are placed
• There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from
  broadest to most specific
• Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family,
  Genus, species

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Classification Day 2

• Critical
• attributes can
• be used to
• categorize
• objects

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What word do these have in common?
stick hair ball man wheel high motion poke down
water pen soda back light short key wall precious
steady cart slow cool house fat stool powder ball
pin
chair
slow
fountain
stop
stone
go
cat
foot
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Domains

• Broadest, most inclusive taxon
• Three domains
• Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular
  prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound
  organelles)
• Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and
  membrane-bound organelles

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Archaea live in harsh environments and may
represent the first cells to have evolved.
Sewage treatment plants, thermal vents, etc.
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Eubacteria, some of which cause human diseases,
are present in almost all habitats on earth.
Example E. coli live in the intestines of animals
Many bacteria are important environmentally and
commercially.
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• Economic importance of bacteria include
• 1) Medication insulin
• 2) Food production cheese, sauerkraut
• 3) Forensics increase suspect DNA samples
• Diseases caused by bacteria include
• 1) tuberculosis
• 2) meningitis
• 3) food poisoning (botulism)
• 4) strep throat (staphylococcus)

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Domain Eukarya is Divided into 4 Kingdoms

• Protista (protozoans, algae)
• Fungi (mushrooms, yeast )
• Plantae (multicellular plants)
• Animalia (multicellular animals)

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Hierarchy of Taxonomic Groups

• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum (Division used for plants)
• Class
• Order
• Family
  
  
• Genus
• Species

BROADEST TAXON
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• King
• Phillip
• Came
• Over
• From
• Great
• Spain

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Protista (protists)

• Most are unicellular
• Some are autotrophic (plant-like), while others
  are heterotrophic (animal-like)
• ex paramecia, ameba, diatoms

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Fungi

• Multicellular, except yeast
• Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside
  their body then absorb it)
• Cell walls made of chitin

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Plantae

• Multicellular
• Autotrophic
• Absorb sunlight to make glucose Photosynthesis
• Cell walls made of cellulose

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Animalia

• Multicellular
• Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food digest it
  inside their bodies)
• Feed on plants or animals

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Taxon

• Each genus contains a number of similar species,
  with the exception of Homo which only contains
  modern humans (Homo sapiens)
• Classification is based on evolutionary
  relationships

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Basis for Modern Taxonomy

• Homologous structures (same structure,
  different function)
• Similar embryo development
• Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequences
  (proteins)

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Homologous Structures show similarities in
mammals.
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Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos
Developing young are immersed in an aquatic
environment whether in an egg or a uterus, so
similarities exist.
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Cladogram

• Diagram showing how organisms are related based
  on shared, derived characteristics such as
  feathers, hair, or scales

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Dichotomous Keys

• Used to identify organisms
• Characteristics given in pairs
• Read both characteristics and either go to
  another set of characteristics OR identify the
  organism

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Example of Dichotomous Key

• 1a Tentacles present Go to 2
• 1b Tentacles absent Go to 3
• 2a Eight Tentacles Octopus
• 2b More than 8 tentacles 3
• 3a Tentacles hang down go to 4
• 3b Tentacles uprightSea Anemone
• 4a Balloon-shaped bodyJellyfish
• 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5