1920

1
The Rise of the Axis Powers and the Road to World
War II

• 1920 1939
• (Chapter 31)

2
Terms to Know

• Totalitarian
• Government with complete control over peoples
  lives
• Fascism
• Political movement based on extreme nationalism
  and militarism
• Usually led by a single party and one leader with
  ultimate power
• Nazism
• Germanys fascist movement
• Included a belief in racial superiority

3
Aspects of Fascism

• Focused on extreme nationalism with loyalty and
  sacrifice for your state
• Loyalty to a leader who brought order and
  structure
• Often had unique uniforms, salutes, and would
  hold large rallies
• Similarities to Communism
• 1 political party with a dictator (no democracy)
• Both denied individual rights and put the state
  first
• Differences to Communism
• Fascists didnt want a classless society
• Fascists were usually nationalists, while
  Communists were internationalists

4
Italy Becomes a Fascist State
5
Italys Struggles after WWI

• Did not gain large amounts of territories from
  the Treaty of Versailles
• Rising inflation and unemployment caused the
  people to be upset
• Felt their democracy was not doing enough to fix
  the countrys problems, looked for a strong leader

6
Benito Mussolini

• Newspaper editor, politician and founder of the
  Italian Fascist Party (1919)
• Promised to improve the economy and rebuild the
  military
• Black Shirts attacked Communists and Socialists
• Gained support of the middle class, aristocracy,
  and industrialists
• Promised to return Italy to the time of the Roman
  Empire

7
Il Duce

• October 1922
• 30,000 Fascists marched on Rome
• King Victor Emmanuel III appointed Mussolini
  Prime Minister to avoid further violence
• Il Duce (the leader)
• After gaining power, Mussolini takes near
  complete control
• Outlawed all political parties (except the
  Fascist)
• Censored the radio and newspapers
• Took control of the economy

8
Italy invades Ethiopia

• Italy failed to take over Ethiopia in the 1890s
• October 1935, Italy invades with a modern army of
  tanks, planes, and machine guns
• Ethiopias emperor Haile Selassie asked for help
  from the League of Nations
• League condemned the attack, but did nothing to
  stop it
• Great Britain allowed Italy to use the Suez Canal
  to move troops into Ethiopia
• Wanted to avoid fighting (appeasement)

9
Militarism Takes Control of Japan
10
Japan Shifts Attitudes

• 1920s Japan
• Democracy was growing
• 1922 treaty to respect Chinas borders
• 1928 signed the Kellog-Braind Pact that was to
  outlaw the use of war
• After the Great Depression starts
• People blamed the government for economic
  problems
• Military took over the government, but kept
  Emperor Hirohito in charge as the face of the
  government
• Planned to expand the empire for new markets, raw
  materials, and room for its population

11
Japan invades China

• 1931 Japan takes control of Manchuria
  (northeast province of China)
• League of Nations condemned the invasion, but did
  nothing
• Japan withdrew from the League in 1933
• July 1937 Japan invades China
• Rape of Nanjing
• Jiang Jieshis army forced to retreat
• Mao Zedongs Communists fight a guerilla war
  against the Japanese

12
Rape of Nanjing (these pictures are graphic, feel
free to skip!)
13
Hitler and the Rise of Nazism in Germany
14
Paintings Hitler
15
Nazism

• 1919 National Socialist German Workers Party
  formed (Nazi Party)
• Wanted to overturn the Treaty of Versailles
• Wanted to fight Communism
• Created a private army called the Brown Shirts
• Hitler becomes a leader of the Nazi Party
• Beer Hall Putsch (Nov. 1923)
• Hitler leads attempt to overthrow the government
• Fails and sent to prison for 5 years (serves 9
  months)

16
Mein Kampf

• Hitler explains his beliefs and goals in a book
  he writes in prison
• Aryan Race
• Claimed Germans were the Master Race and should
  rule the world
• All non-Ayrans were inferior and should be
  destroyed
• Treaty of Versailles
• Wanted to gain back all of Germanys lost
  territories
• Lebensraum (living room)
• Claimed Germany was overcrowded
• Would take over Eastern Europe and Russia
• Third Reich

17
Hitler Gains Power

• After his prison term, Hitler took back control
  of the Nazi Party
• When the Great Depression starts, the German
  economy further collapsed and support of the Nazi
  Party grew
• January, 1933 President von Hindenburg makes
  Hitler Chancellor of Germany
• After Nazis win a parliamentary election, Hitler
  turns Germany into a totalitarian state

18
Hitler becomes der Furhrer

• Hitlers SS (Schutzstaffel) and Gestapo force
  German peoples into obedience
• SS Hitlers private army
• Gestapo private police force
• Both groups arrested and murdered rivals to the
  Nazis and Hitler
• Hitler takes economic control and cuts
  unemployment
• Hitler forced propaganda to create a loyal nation
• Controlled the press, radio, literature, and art
• Burned books that didnt fit Nazi beliefs
• Prevented churches from speaking bad about Nazism
• Schoolchildren joined the Hitler Youth or League
  of German Girls

19
Nazi Propaganda
20
Book Burning
21
Hitler Youth
22
1936 Berlin Olympics
23
Hitler begins terrorizing the Jews

• Nazis blamed the Jews for many of Germanys
  problems (anti-Semitism)
• 1933 Nazi party begins to strip rights from the
  Jews
• 1935 Nuremburg Laws
• Took away legal rights to Jews and other
  minorities
• November 9, 1938 Kristallnacht
• The Night of Broken Glass
• Nazis attacked and arrested Jews in large numbers
• Jewish owned homes and businesses were destroyed

24
German Aggression
25
Hitler Breaks the Treaty of Versailles

• March 1935 Hitler begins make his army larger
• League of Nations does nothing
• March 7, 1936 Germany invades the Rhineland
• France and Great Britain begin practicing
  appeasement
• Appeasement giving into the demands of an
  aggressor to avoid war
• October 1936 Germany and Italy create the
  Rome-Berlin Axis
• November 1936 Germany, Italy and Japan create
  the Axis Powers (Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis)

26
Spanish Civil War

• July 1936 Francisco Franco leads a Fascist
  revolution to overthrow the republican government
• Hitler and Mussolini send troops, tanks, and
  planes to help Francos forces in the 3 year
  civil war
• Western Democracies supported the Republican
  side, but did not send any help (except the
  Soviet Union)
• Francos fascist forces win in 1939

27
Germany continues to expand

• March 1938 Germany annexes Austria (Treaty of
  Versailles prohibited this)
• September 1938 Germany demands that the
  Sudetenland be given to Germany
• Sudetenland was a German speaking section of
  Czechoslovakia
• Czechoslovakia asked France to help

28
German Expansion to 1938
29
Munich Conference

• September 29, 1938 France, Great Britain,
  Germany, and Italy meet to discuss the
  Sudetenland and Czechoslovakia
• Hitler promised to not take any more of
  Czechoslovakia if he got the Sudetenland
• Great Britains Prime Minister again follows the
  idea of appeasement and gives in
• I believe it is peace in our time.
• March 1939 Germany annexes Czechoslovakia

30
Munich Conference

• Every body say appeasement!

31
Heading toward war

• Mussolini seized Albania
• Hitler looks to take over Poland
• Great Britain and France threaten war if Germany
  invades Poland
• August 23, 1939 Germany and the Soviet Union
  sign a nonaggression pact
• This would keep the Soviet Union from joining the
  war and prevent a two-front war
• September 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland