Curriculum to Extra Curricular

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Curriculum to Extra Curricular

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Federal Involvement in HE

• 1947 Presidents Commission on HE
• Half of HS graduates benefit from HE
• 1950 Commission of Financing HE
• Two tracks Vocational (CC) Collegiate
• 1950 Housing Act- low interest loans for campus
  housing
• 1958 National Defense Education Act
• Loans, grants, fellowships
• Johnsons Position
• HE as primary instrument to address social issues
• Education Act 1965
• Facilities funding, coordinating super board
• 1970 Task force on Reform in HE
• Education is goal, not research or public service
• Carnegie Commission on HE
• Access, public/private balance

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Student Life

• Colonial Constraints
• Fixed curriculum
• Religious orthodoxy
• Develop campus life apart from academics
• College Football
• Adaptation of Rugby
• 1869 1st game Princeton-Rutgers
• 1873 Pres. White _at_ Cornell I will not permit 30
  men to travel 400 miles to Michigan to agitate a
  bag of wind.
• 1881 Michigan plays Harvard, Yale, and Princeton
  in less than a week
• Colleges begin to consult on matters of athletics

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Student Life

• Midwest schools agreed on only 2 professionals
  per team
• 1893 Yale Princeton play annual Thanksgiving
  game in NY
• Need to win gets out of control
• Univ. of Oregon plays 3 different opponents over
  3 weeks and faced some of the same players each
  game
• 1905 18 die playing game
• 1905 Theodore Roosevelt.rough but fair
• Stanford, Columbia, Northwestern drop football
• Football/athletic as access
• Influence of alumni
• - Football as a way of getting attention
  for schools--marketing
• Early programs were student managed
• Dartmouth alumni donate a field in exchange for
  control

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Student Life

• College Football Cont.
• 1885 Women attend football but not baseball
• Football becomes and remains a social event
• Also a business
• Spectators needs colors and numbers (now names)
• 1926 Army-Navy in Chicago draws 110,000
• Univ. of Michigan
• 1927 Stadium seats 87,000
• 1948 4 million football complex
• 1928 Yale grossed 1.1m in football revenues
  348K profits

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• Notre Dames and Southern Californias athletic
  departments are each at least 150,000 richer as
  a result of the game played in Soldiers Field
  yesterday. Even at low estimates, gate receipts
  exceeded 350,000. Excluding all complimentary
  tickets and gate crashers, at least 110,000
  persons paid from 3 to 7 for their seats.
  Rental of Soldiers Field was 40,000 and allowing
  10,000 for other expenses, the fifty-fifty split
  of the remaining receipts will net each school
  150,000.
• The Chicago Tribune, November 27, 1927

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• In 1929, ND spent 15,400 for new football
  uniforms, an amount equal to what was spent on
  library book acquisition
• 1930 Notre Dame football season
• Income 897,173
• Athletic dept Expenses 347,000
• Including 42,700 for travel
• 14,550 for uniforms
• 27,200
  stadium/practice field
• First year of the depression, ND nets 540,000
  from football
• Campus issue should ND spend 750,000 to build
  a football stadium to be used 4 or 5 times a year

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Student Life

• Educational Merit of Extracurricular Activities
• Unity of experiences/ concern for out of class
  experience-driven by athletics
• Education of whole person physical, emotional,
  social, intellectual
• Europe/Adults US/ Immature
• Parental expectations in loco parentisbody, mind
  and soul
• Inst. becoming larger, more impersonal
• Role of faculty (research vs. in loco parentis)
• Beginnings of Student Personnel Movement
• Developmental needs of students
• Unity to the curriculum and extracurricular
• Philosophy of student success/uniquely American
• Personalizing education

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Student Life

• Harper _at_ Chicago calls for scientific study of
  college student 1899
• - 1890-Two deans of faculty for students
• - Aptitude testing WWI/counseling
• Extra-curricular becomes curriculum
• Debate club to speech dept - Drama club to
  theatre dept.
• Athletics goes to athletic dept physical
  education
• Student newspaper to journalism
• European tradition of student involvement in inst
  govt (Jefferson _at_ VA)
• late 19 C models
• 1. students assume responsibility for dorms
  (Vanderbilt, Penn, Chicago)
• 2. consult w/faculty over shared interests
  (Princeton, Vermont, Virginia
• 3. Illinois students assume responsibility for
  discipline
• 4. Womens colleges (Barnard, Bryn Mawr, Vassar)
  students determine and execute policy
• 5. Honor Codes 123 by 1915 more common in
  south

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• Dorms
• Colonial provided housing
• Tappen _at_ Michigan argues against it money needed
  elsewhere
• Fall into disrepair/largely neglected until
  following WWII
• 3 models
• Boarding Houses
• Fraternity Houses
• Private, for profit residence halls
• Student Discipline
• Eliot Harvard- 1869 student self discipline/
  others follow
• relaxation of Puritan codes (decline of violence
  against faculty) replaced by limited democratic
  humanism

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• By end of Civil War, clergy no longer dominate
  in HE
• - By 1913 compulsory chapel attendance done
  away with at Harvard, Hopkins, Cornell,
  Wisconsin, Ohio State
• Greeks and Secret Societies (Student Cultures)
• Populist movements south and west
• Laws against membership Indiana and MS
• 1865 25 nationals
• Mid 20th C 77 Fraternities, 45 sororities
• Secret Societies (Benet, The beginnings of
  wisdom)
• Ivy League schools mainly
• Yale 6 Skull and Bones/Scroll and Key

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Student Life

• Interesting Tidbits on Students
• 1870 less than 2 of 18-21 cohort 21 female
• 1890 2.4 of cohort in college
• 1900 around 4 of 18-21 plus 5,700 graduate
  students Blacks approximately .3
• 1930 about 12 18-21 cohort
• 1940 18 of cohort Blacks earn 119 doctorates
  47 female
• Enrollment of Blacks in northern colleges seldom
  over 1 of student pop.
• Harvard 1914 No one excluded by reason of his
  color but men of white and colored races shall
  not be compelled to live and eat together.

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Freshmen at Cornell 1930Average hours per week
(168) spent in various activities

• Activity Low Scholarship
  High Scholarship Other
• Sleeping 56
  58 60
• In class 24
  24 25
• Studying 17
  18 20
• Writing/reading 3
  4 4
• Job/working 10
  8 7
• Exercise 6
  7 7
• Social 3
  3
  1
• Movies/etc. 3
  3 3
• Library 3
  1
  1
• __________________
• Recall Harpers 1899 comment about scientific
  research regarding students