Leaving%20The%20Middle%20Ages

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Leaving The Middle Ages
Renaissance, Reformation, and Scientific
Revolution Unit

• The Hundred Years War

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Goals and Objectives
WH.H.4.1 Explain how interest in classical learning and religious reform contributed to increased global interaction (e.g., Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, Catholic Reformation, Printing revolution, etc.).
WH.H.4.2 Explain the political, social and economic reasons for the rise of powerful centralized nation-states and empires (e.g., Reformation, absolutism, limited monarchy, empires, etc.).
WH.H.4.3 Explain how agricultural and technological improvements transformed daily life socially and economically (e.g., growth of towns, creation of guilds, feudalism and the manorial system, commercialization, etc.).
WH.H.4.4 Analyze the effects of increased global trade on the interactions between nations in Europe, Southwest Asia, the Americas and Africa (e.g., exploration, mercantilism, inflation, rise of capitalism, etc.).
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Objectives of the Unit
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Background the Hundred Years War The Plague

• Between 1347 and 1351, 38 million out of a
  population of 75 million died of the plague.
• Reactions to the plague
• anti-Semitism
• the shortage of workers led to a rise in the cost
  of labor - many peasants became free from
  serfdom.

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Background the Hundred Years War The Decline
of Church Power

• To get more revenue, French king Phillip IV began
  to tax the clergy.
• Pope Boniface VIII said the clergy did not have
  to pay taxes without the consent of the pope.
• King Phillip sent the French army to bring Pope
  Boniface to France for trial.
• Pope Boniface died and a Frenchman, Clement V
  became pope.
• The papacy moved to Avignon, France from 1305 to
  1337.
• This caused a split in the church (The Great
  Schism) until 1417.
• Popes no longer could tell kings what to do.

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Background the Hundred Years War Political
Instability

• English kings were technically the vassals of
  French kings.
• William the conqueror of England came from
  Normandy, a territory of France.
• Eleanor of Aquitaine was been married to King
  Louis VII of France at 15. When he divorced her,
  she married Henry Plantagenet, the Duke of
  Normandy.
• He later became king of England, Henry II, and
  two of her sons were kings of England, Richard
  (the Lionhearted) and John.

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Background the Hundred Years War Annexation of
Gascony

• At one time, English kings owned more land in
  France than the French kings.
• But, by 1337, the only English owned land was the
  Duchy of Gascony and as Duke of Gascony, the
  English king Edward III pledges loyalty to King
  Phillip IV of France.
• In 1337, Phillip seized Gascony. Edward declared
  war on Phillip. This war lasted until 1453 and
  is known as the Hundred Years War.

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Fighting in the Hundred Years War

• The French relied on their knights to lead the
  army. These heavily armored cavalry looked down
  on the peasant foot soldiers.
• The English also had knights, but paid large
  numbers of foot soldiers, especially archers who
  were armed with the longbow. The long bow had
  greater striking power, firing range, and faster
  speed of fire then the French crossbow.

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Early Battles - Crecy

• By 1347, English king Edward had died and Henry V
  became king. Henry was determined to take over
  France.
• Crecy (1347) - The French army was much larger
  than the English.
• The French attacked, but English archers
  decimated the French knights.
• The English won the battle, but were not strong
  enough to defeat France conquer France.

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Battle of Crecy

• Some highlights of the battle of Crécy -
  referenced from the works of Jean Froissant, The
  Longbow by Robert Hardy and The Medieval Archer
  by Jim Bradbury
• French forces numbered approximately 36,000,
  English forces numbered 12,000 of which
  approximately 7,000 were archers.
• Each English archer carried 2 sheaves of arrows
  (48) into battle.
• The bow draw weights were normally from 80 to 120
  lbs, shooting arrows, 250 to 300 yards at a rate
  of 10 arrows per minute.
• The total number of arrows shot during the battle
  is estimated at a half million.
• There were 14 to 16 charges made against the
  English lines from the start of the battle at
  400 PM until the completion at midnight.
• Casulties were estimated from 5,000 (low) to
  10,000 or more (high) for the French Knights and
  Genoese crossbowmen. English casulties were
  several hundred.

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Early Battles - Agincourt

• October 25, 1415 (Saint Crispins Day).
• In the play Henry V by William Shakespeare, Henry
  says, "We few, we happy few, we band of
  brothers."
• The French outnumbered the English by around 3 to
  1.
• Heavily armored French Knights try to attack
  through the mud as Henrys archers slaughter the
  knights.
• It was a one-sided English victory.

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France after Agincourt

• The English controlled the northern and western
  coasts of France.
• The Burgundians, English allies controlled much
  of northeastern france.
• France was divided over who should be king.

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Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc (Jeanne dArc, 1412-1431) was the
daughter of peasants. She was deeply religious
and had visions of saints that commanded her to
free France. She made her way to dauphin (prince)
Charles court and persuaded him to let her
accompany the army to Orleans to fight the
English.
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Joan of Arc (continued)

• When Joan joined the army at Orleans, she became
  the standard bearer and sat in on councils with
  the officer.
• Inspired by Joans faith, the French were able to
  take Orleans from the English.
• Joan was captured by the Burgundians the next
  year (1430) and turned over to the British.

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Joan of Arc (continued)

• The English turned Joan over to church officials
  to be tried by the Inquisition on heresy and
  witchcraft charges.
• Joan was found guilty and burned at the stake in
  1431.
• Joan was considered a martyr by the France.
• Her death united the French more than any king
  ever had.

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The End of the War

• 1435 - Burgundy switches sides from the English
  to the French.
• Gunpowder, firearms and cannons developed during
  the war.
• 1453 - at the last battle of the war, Castillon,
  the French use of the cannon was a decisive
  factor.

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Effects of the War - France

• Many of the vestiges of feudalism were destroyed
  by the war.
• The ideal of nationalism grew above loyalty to
  lords and manors.
• Kings were using taxes to raise armies and no
  longer relied on nobles to supply them with
  knights.
• The kings power grew to the point of an absolute
  monarchy with the belief in Divine Right.

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Effects of the War - England

• After the defeat, England broke out into a civil
  war, The War of the Roses, over who should be the
  king of England.
• Henry Tutor won in 1485 becoming Henry VII and
  establishing the Tutor dynasty.
• Henry abolished the private armies of the
  nobility and cut taxes on the nobility and middle
  class.

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Effects of the War - Spain

• Muslims, called Moors, from North Africa had
  conquered much of Spain by 725. Several
  Christian kingdoms arose and fought to regain
  their lands from the Moors.
• The two strongest kingdoms were Castille and
  Aragon. Fearing the strength of a united France,
  they combined with the marriage of Isabella of
  Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469.
• This united kingdom of Spain was able to drive
  out the Moors in 1492. The same year they
  financed a Genoese sailor named Christopher
  Columbus.

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Conclusion

• The Hundred Years War marks the end of the
  Middle Ages in Europe. At the end of the war, a
  new interest in ancient cultures called the
  Renaissance develops ushering in the Modern Era.