Girding for War: The North

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Girding for WarThe North the South

• 1861 - 1865

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President of the Disunited States of America

• Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861
• 7 states had already seceded, 8 more were trying
  to decide
• Inaugural address there would be no conflict
  unless the South provoked it
• Why will the North and South be difficult to
  separate?
• How would things been different if there was a
  clean split?

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A Split in the Union?

• Split brought up questions about the sharing of
  the national debt the allocation of federal
  territories
• Split would please European countries WHY?
• US was the only major display of democracy in the
  Western Hemisphere
• Monroe Doctrine could be broken

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SC Assails Fort Sumter

• South seized all arsenals, mints, other public
  property within their territory
• Fort Sumter
• Occupied by Northern
  troops who needed
  supplies
• What became the
  Northern / Lincoln Plan?

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Lincolns Plan

• Lincoln decided to send supplies to troops
• promised Governor Pickens(SC) that he was not
  sending more men or weapons, just provisions.
• South demanded surrender of Fort Sumter
• Grounds for war if North sent supplies

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The War Begins (April 12, 1861)

• South fired on Fort Sumter
• 34 hour bombardment- no lives lost
• Northern troops surrendered
• The Civil War had begun
• Did this FIRST shot by the South work out better
  for the North or the South?

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Remember Fort Sumter

• Provoked the North to fight
• Gen. Scott Commander of the Army (75 yrs. old)
• April 14, 1861 Lincoln called for 75,000 union
  troops
• April 19 27, 1861 - ordered a
  blockade of Southern ports
• 4 more states seceded
• VA, Ark., Tenn., NC
• Capital of Confederacy moved
  from Montgomery to Richmond

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The Valuable Border States

• Border States
• MO, KY, MD, Del, later WV
• WV split from VA in 1861 over secession
• MD, MO, KY would almost double the
  manufacturing capacity of the South increase by
  nearly half its supply of horses mules
• Ohio River Cumberland Tennessee Rivers was
  where much of the Confederacys grain, gunpowder,
  iron was produced
• What did Lincoln mean when he said, I hope to
  have God on my side, but I have to have
  Kentucky.?
• This is my trusty steed Cupcake ???

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Lincoln deals with the Border States

• Lincoln
• In MD declared marital law sent in troops
• Sent federal troops to WV MO
• He declared publicly that he was not fighting to
  free slaves
• Declared that his goal was to get the Union back
  together. Why not focus on slavery?
• Indian Territory mainly
  sided with the South

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Brothers Blood

• Many brothers fought against each other
• Particularly in the border states
• Northerners fought on the side of the South and
  vice versa
• Senator Crittendens sons fought
  on opposite sides
• Lincolns wife had 4 brothers who
  fought for the Confederacy
• Old Cupcake again!

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Advantages/ Strengths

• South
• Fighting defensively
• on familiar territory
• Strong support
• Strong military leadership
• Southerners were well trained
• Didnt have to win the war. WHY?
• Shortage of supplies

• North
• Economy
• Large population
• 22 million to 9 million (3.5 were slaves)
• Immigrants
• Industry
• Abundant resources
• Shipping
• Railway system 75
• Abraham Lincoln

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Disadvantages/ Weaknesses

• South
• Small population
• Economy
• Few factories
• Few railroads 25
• Belief in states rights/ government lacked power
• Lack of supplies

• North
• Had to invade the South
• Public opinion was divided/ support was shaky
• Northerners were not as experienced as
  Southerners

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The Balances of Forces

• Make an argument that focuses on how the South
  had many of the same characteristics as the
  colonists during the American Revolution. List
  the similarities. List the differences.

14
Dethroning King Cotton

• South depended on foreign intervention
• didnt get it
• Many Europeans were pro-North anti-slavery.
  Why?
• Uncle Tom and Uncle Sam are good buddies!
• Shortage of cotton during war?
• England France had a surplus. Not as bad off.
• As North won Southern territory, they sent cotton
  food to Europe
• India Egypt upped their cotton production
• Result Europe needed more wheat corn from
  the North than cotton from the South
• Would rather have food than jobs.
• If Corn is now King then who is the Queen?
• It is anyones guess!

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The Decisiveness of Diplomacy

• Crisis
• 1861 Union warship stopped the British mail
  steamer theTrent forcibly removed two
  Confederate diplomats bound for Europe
• Lincoln released the prisoners tension cooled
• One war at a time! - Lincoln

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The Trent Affair
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The Alabama

• British build ships for the Confederacy (unarmed)
• 1862 the Alabama went to the Portuguese Azores
  took on weapons crew from Britain
• Never actually arrived in the South
• Destroyed in 1864 off the coast of France
• Charles Francis Adams
• persuaded Britain not to build any more ships for
  the Confederacy
• Could be used against England in the future

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The Alabama
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Foreign Flare-Ups

• Britain had two Laird rams
• 2 Confederate warships that could destroy wooden
  Union ships
• Britain decided to use ships in its Royal Navy
• Near Canada
• Confederate agents plotted to burn down American
  cities
• Mini-armies raised by British-hating
  Irish-Americans sent to Canada
• Napoleon III installed Austrian Archduke
  Maximilian as emperor of Mexico
• Where does this come from and why?

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President Davis vs. President Lincoln

• Problems for the South
• Gave states the ability to secede in the future
  (from the Confederacy)
• Getting Southern states to send troops to help
  other states was difficult
• J. Davis never very popular
• A. Lincoln benefit of leading an established
  government

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Limitations on Wartime Liberties

• Lincoln
• Illegally proclaimed a blockade
• Increased the size of the army sent troops
• Advancement of 2 million to 3 private citizens
  for war purposes
• Suspended habeas corpus
• Intimidation of voters in border states. How did
  he intimidate?
• Justification actions werent permanent were
  needed to preserve the Union
• South refused to sacrifice states rights
  therefore lost the war
• Was Lincoln right to take these liberties?
• Is he really a simple Susan tyrant? Why?

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Volunteers Draftees The North

• 1863 - Congress passed the first conscription law
  
• Angered the poor because rich could hire a
  substitute by paying 300 to Congress
• Riots broke out New York City Draft Riot 1863
• Volunteers manned more than 90 of the Union army
• Later money was offered for service when
  volunteers became scarce
• Many deserters

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The South

• Had to resort to a draft nearly a year before the
  North
• Also included privileges for the rich
• Those who owned 20 slaves were exempt from the
  draft

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The Economic Stresses of War

• North - Morrill Tariff Act
• Increased tariff rates by about 5-10
• Later increased more
• Treasury issued green-backed paper money
• Money was unstable sank to as low as 39 cents
  per gold dollar
• Treasury sold war bonds
• Runaway inflation
• 9000 inflation rate in the South
• 80 for the Union

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National Banking System

• Created to establish a standard bank-note
  currency
• Banks that joined could buy government bonds
  issue sound paper money
• 1st step towards a unified national banking
  network

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The Norths Economic Boom

• Emerged from the war more prosperous than before
• A millionaire class was born
• Many Union suppliers used shoddy equipment in
  their supplies
• Sizes for clothing were invented
• Reaper helped feed millions
• 1859 discovery of petroleum oil sent people to
  Pennsylvania

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Women in War Times

• Women gained new advances
• Took jobs left behind by men
• Some posed as men fought in the war
• Clara Barton Dorothea Dix
• Helped transform nursing to a respectable
  profession
• Sally Tompkins
• Ran an infirmary for wounded in Richmond
• Received rank as Captain from Davis

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A Crushed Cotton Kingdom

• South was ruined by the war
• Transportation collapsed
• Supplies became scarce
• End of war, South claimed only 12 of the
  national wealth
• Pre war 30
• Per capita income 2/5 that of Northerners
• Pre war 2/3 of Northerners

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War Aims Strategies

• South
• Defensive strategy
• Expected Britain France to pressure the North
  so cotton supply would be restored

• North
• Blockade of Southern ports
• Gain control of Mississippi River
• Capture Richmond, Virginia