Township and Range System in the U.S.

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Township and Range System in the U.S.
Fig. 1-4 Principal meridians and east-west
baselines of the township system. Townships in
northwest Mississippi and topographic map of the
area.
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Layers of a GIS
Fig. 1-5 A geographic information system (GIS)
stores information about a location in several
layers. Each layer represents a different
category of information.
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Place Unique Location of a Feature
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Place Names

• Toponym is the given name of a place
• Types of Toponyms
• For a person
• Religion
• Landscape/physical features
• Names can change
• Cincinnati, OH
• Truth or Consequence

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Site

• Physical character of a place
• Climate, water sources, topography, soil,
  vegetation, latitude, and elevation
• Site factors have been essential in selecting
  locations for settlements
• Humans can modify the characteristics of a site

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Site Lower Manhattan Island
Fig. 1-6 Site of lower Manhattan Island, New
York City. There have been many changes to the
area over the last 200 years.
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Situation

• The location of a place relative to other places
• Can help us find unfamiliar places
• Helps us understand the importance of a location

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Situation Singapore
Fig. 1-7 Singapore is situated at a key location
for international trade.
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Mathematical Location

• Latitude (N/S)
• Parallels
• Equator
• Longitude (E/W)
• Meridians
• Prime Meridian runs through Greenwich, England
• Which is important in calculating time??

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World Geographic Grid
Fig. 1-8 The world geographic grid consists of
meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude.
The prime meridian (0º) passes through Greenwich,
England.
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World Time Zones
Fig. 1-9 The worlds 24 standard time zones are
often depicted using the Mercator projection.