Bellringer

1
Bellringer

• Who wrote The Communist Manifesto?
• Who were the bourgeoisie?
• Who were the proletariat?

2
Chapter 18Mass Society and Democracy
3
The New Urban Environment

• By the end of the 19th century, mass society had
  emerged, and the concerns of the majority
  working class were important.
• This change coincided with the growth of cities.

4
The New Urban Environment

• B/w 1800 1900 the population of London grew
  from 960,000 to 6,500,000.
• Urban residents grew from 40 to 80 of the
  population
• London

5
The New Urban Environment

• Cities grew because of rural migration to urban
  centers.
• Lack of jobs in the country and the improvement
  of living conditions in cities led to this rural
  migration.
• Its all about the

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The New Urban Environment

• Following the advice of urban social reformers,
  city govt created boards of health to improve
  the quality of housing.
• Medical officers and other officials inspected
  the buildings for public health hazards.

7
The New Urban Environment

• Essential to public health of the modern European
  city were clean water and proper sewage systems.
• A system of dams, reservoirs, aqueducts, and
  tunnels provided the water.

8
Social Structure of Mass Society

• Even through the rising standard of living after
  1870, great poverty remained.
• Also, several middle-class groups existed b/w the
  few rich and many poor.

9
The New Elite

• A wealthy elite made up 5 of European society
• Controlled up to 40 of the wealth
• The aristocratic and upper middle class members
  of the elite were govt and military leaders.
• Marriage sometimes served to unite these 2 groups.

10
The Middle Classes

• The middle class included
• Lawyers
• Doctors
• Members of civil service
• Engineers
• Scientist

11
The Middle Classes

• Beneath the solid middle class was a lower middle
  class
• Shopkeepers
• Secretaries
• Clerk

12
The Middle Classes

• The European middle class was identified with
  certain values, which it preached to others
• Hard work paid off with enough labor
• Churchgoers moral way of doing things
• This gave way to etiquette books such as The
  Habits of Good Society.

13
The Working Class

• Made up 80 of European population.
• Included
• Skilled artisans
• Semi-skilled laborers
• Unskilled laborers day laborers domestic
  servants

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Urban Worker

• Life improved after 1870 due to
• Reforms
• Rising wages
• Lower prices
• Could even afford some leisure activities, and
  strikes were leading to 10 hour workdays and
  Saturday afternoons off.

15
The Experiences of Women

• In 1800 family roles defined women.
• Women were legally inferior to and economically
  dependent on men.

The good ole days!
16
New Job Opportunities

• The Second Industrial Revolution opened the door
  to new jobs for women.
• Many worked as low-paid, white collar workers.
• Secretaries
• Clerks
• Typists

17
Marriage and Family

• Throughout the 1800s marriage was the only
  honorable and available career for most women.
• However, the birthrate did drop due to better
  economic conditions and birth control.
• First birth control clinic opened in Amsterdam in
  1882.

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Marriage and Family

• Middle-class family fostered the idea of family
  togetherness.
• Victorians created the family Christmas.
• By the 1850s, Fourth of July celebrations in the
  U.S. had changed from wild celebrations to family
  picnics.

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The Movement for Womens Rights

• Modern feminism, the movement for womens rights,
  began during the Enlightenment.
• The movement in the 1800s began with a fight for
  the right of women to own property.

20
The Movement for Womens Rights

• Women sought access to universities and
  traditionally male fields of employment.
• This was shown by the women leaders in various
  fields as you will see on the next few slides.

21
Amalie Sieveking

• Entered the medical field by becoming a nurse.
• Founded the Female Association for the Care of
  the Poor and Sick

22
Florence Nightingale Clara Barton

• During the U.S. Civil War they transformed
  nursing into a profession of trained, middle
  class women in white

23
Emmeline Pankhurst

• She and her daughters founded the Womens Social
  and Political Union.
• Its members chained themselves to lampposts,
  pelted politicians with eggs, and smashed windows.

24
Pankhurst and Suffrage

• Suffragists people who wanted the vote extended
  to all adults believed in the right of women to
  full citizenship in the nation-state.

25
Universal Education

• U.E. was a product of mass society of the late
  19th century and early 20th centuries.
• B/w 1870 and 1914 most Western governments began
  to set up state-sponsored primary schools.
• Children 6-12 were required to attend.
• States trained teachers
• 1st female colleges were teacher-training
  institutes.

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Universal Education

• The reason for a commitment to public education
  was?????
• INDUSTRIALIZATION
• The chief motive for education?????
• POLITICAL

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Universal Education

• Extending the right to vote called for a
  better-educated public.
• Primary schools instilled patriotism.

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Universal Education

• Increased education increased literacy, or the
  ability to read. (Which is why you can read
  this!)
• In countries where there was no universal
  education (Russia, Serbia for example) 80 could
  not read.
• Increased literacy helped spread newspapers.

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New Forms of Leisure

• The leisure allowed by the Second Ind. Rev.
  entertained people and distracted them from the
  realities of their work lives.

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New Forms of Leisure

• Amusement Parks gave people new experiences and
  showed them new technology.
• Team sports developed.
• Public transportation allowed the working class
  to attend games and other leisure venues.

31
Review

• 1. Cities grew because of rural migration to ___.
• 2. Who made up 5 of European cities?
• 3. What were the job opportunities for women in
  the Second Industrial Revolution?
• 4. What was the movement for womens rights?