INDUSTRIALIZATION AND REFORM

1
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND REFORM

• ENGLAND AND THE CONTINENT
• 1780-1850

2
WHY ENGLAND?

• Geography and natural resources
• Economic development and efficiency
• Political support and protection
• Social conditions included population increase
• Agricultural Revolution meant greater food
  production

3
INVENTIONS PUSHED INDUSTRY

• Cotton Industry 1
• Flying Shuttle Increased speed of weavers
• Water Frame Arkwrights invention produces yarn
  fast
• Spinning Jenny Hargreaves Jenny produced more
  yarn
• Mule Cromptons combined Water Frame Spinning
  Jenny
• Power Loom Cartwrights loom meant weavers could
  keep up with spinners

Cartwrights power loom 1787
4
STEAM ENGINE PLAYS MAJOR ROLE IN INDUSTRY

• Steam Engine cause factory system to spread
  beyond cotton (flour)
• Started as means to pump water from coal mines
• Newcomen invents steam pump 1712
• Watt repairs a Newcomen engine and adds condenser
  creating steam engine in 1760s
• By 1850, 90 of English Cotton Industry steam

5
IRON INDUSTRY

• Iron transformed during I.R.
• In 1780s a better method devised to make iron
• Puddling introduced by Cort coke used to burn
  away impurities
• 1740 17,000 tons
• 1840 2,000,000 tons

6
RAILROAD PROMOTES TRANSPORTATION BOOM

• Started with hand carts for moving coal
• Then cast iron rails
• Then steam power in 1804
• Then Stephensons Rocket in 1830 (16 mph)
• Railroads built

7
CRYSTAL PALACE EXHIBITION

• 1851 First Industrial Worlds Fair
• Held at Londons Crystal Palace
• Made entirely of glass iron
• 6,000,000 visited 100,000 exhibits
• Displayed Englands wealth success

8
INDUSTRY SPREADS SLOWLY TO CONTINENT

• The continent experience slower and more uneven
  growth than England
• More agrarian than England less urban
• Lacked many of the advantages England had
• Napoleon blockade hurt trade from 1790-1815
• Customs barriers acute
• Thus I.R. delayed

9
Some Advantages For Continent

• Population growth meant both ready labor force
  markets
• Blockade did revive wool textile industry
• Continent borrowed ideas from England
• Governments spend

10
SOME IMPORTANT DIFFERENCESBETWEEN ENGLAND
CONTINENT

• Until 1850, the Continent lacked technical edge
• England more Laissez-Faire, less Mercantile
• Continent had more tariffs (Merc. Policy). See
  Friedrich Lists, National System of Political
  Econ.
• Continent utilized Joint-Stock Banks less
  private funds

11
3 MAJOR CENTERS

• Belgium Cotton, steam power, investment banks,
  Cockerill
• France lead continent in cotton manufacturing
• Germany After 1850, heavy industry exploded in
  Germany

12
EASTERN EUROPE?

• Utterly lacking in industry
• Small middle class
• Rural areas dominate landscape
• Autocrats/nobles keep peasants down
• Not until late 1800s does Russia industrialize

13
REFORM IN THE INDUSTRIAL AGE

• Living conditions in urban industrialized nations
  was miserable
• Overcrowding, lack of sanitation, pollution,
  crime, sexual immorality, drunkenness , etc.
  characterized the era

14
REFORMERS EMERGE

• Disgusted by the conditions around them, some
  fought for change
• Chadwick sought change through modern sanitation
• Due to his efforts, England passed Public Health
  Act 1848

15
NEW SOCIAL CLASSES THE INDUSTRIAL MIDDLE CLASS

• The term middle class increasing became
  synonymous with commerce, industry banking
• Previously term bourgeois meant merchant class
• New middle class had common values such as
  resolution, initiative, ambition greed

16
NEW SOCIAL CLASSES WORKERS IN INDUSTRIAL AGE

• In the course of the 19th century, factory
  workers would form an Industrial Proletariat
• However, in a 1851 census from Britain,
  agricultural workers still outnumbered factory
  workers 2 to 1

17
UNIONS EMERGE

• Soon workers looked to labor organizations to
  gain wages better conditions
• Combination Acts 1799 was passed in England to
  outlaw unions (repealed in 1824)
• Owens formed Grand National Consolidated Trades
  Union in 1834

18
CHARTISM

• Another movement was called Chartism
• 1838- In England this movement demanded greater
  democracy, 8-hour days, male suffrage, payments
  for Parliament
• Lasting effect was worker consciousness

19
LUDDITES SMASH MACHINES

• Some reacted negatively to the new
  industrialization
• The Luddites, skilled craftsmen in England,
  attacked the machines of the new era
• While some view them as naïve, others see them as
  illustrative of intense feelings against the new
  industrialization

20
GOVERNMENT RESPONDS

• Slowly, governments passed a variety of acts
  aimed at alleviating urban hardships
• A series of Factory Acts were passed in the early
  19th century
• These acts limited working hours and child labor
• Other acts included the Ten Hours Act and the
  Coal Mines Act

21
EMERGENCE OF AN ORDERED SOCIETY

• During the upheavals of the late 18th and early
  19th centuries, the ruling elite became more
  concerned about social order
• Their response was to create increase police
  presence and numbers, and to institute prison
  reform including less capital punishment a
  greater focus on rehabilitation