The Periodic Table

1
The Periodic Table
2
(No Transcript)
3
What is the Periodic Table?

• It is an organizational system for elements.

Picture from www.chem4kids.com
4
Who created it?

• By 1860 about 60 elements were known and a method
  was needed for organization. 
• In 1869, Russian chemist Dimitri Mendeleev
  proposed arranging elements by atomic mass and
  properties.
• Put elements in rows by increasing atomic mass.
• Put elements in columns by the way they reacted
• The table contained gaps but Mendeleev predicted
  the discovery of new elements.

5
So how is it arranged?

• The genius of the periodic table is that it is
  organized like a big grid. The elements are
  placed in specific places because of the way they
  look and act. If you have ever looked at a grid,
  you know that there are rows (left to right) and
  columns (up and down). The periodic table has
  rows and columns, too, and they each mean
  something different.
• quoted from http//www.chem4kids.com/files/elem_pe
  rtable.html

6
Periods...

• Even though they skip some squares in between,
  all of the rows go left to right. When you look
  at a periodic table, each of the rows is
  considered to be a different period (Get it? Like
  PERIODic table.)
• quoted from http//www.chem4kids.com/files/elem_pe
  rtable.html

7
Periods Rows

• In the periodic table, elements have something in
  common if they are in the same row.
• All of the elements in a period have the same
  number of atomic orbitals.
• Every element in the top row (the first period)
  has one orbital for its electrons. All of the
  elements in the second row (the second period)
  have two orbitals for their electrons. It goes
  down the periodic table like that.
• quoted from http//www.chem4kids.com/files/elem_pe
  rtable.html

8
Groups

• The periodic table has a special name for its
  columns, too. When a column goes from top to
  bottom, it's called a group.
• quoted from http//www.chem4kids.com/files/elem_pe
  rtable.html

9
Groups Columns

• The elements in a group have the same number of
  electrons in their outer orbital. (Valence
  electrons)
• Every element in the first column (group one) has
  one electron in its outer shell. Every element on
  the second column (group two) has two electrons
  in the outer shell. As you keep counting the
  columns, you'll know how many electrons are in
  the outer shell.
• Valence electrons are only counted for groups 1
  2, and 13-18.

10
What do all the numbers mean ?
From www.science-class.net
11
Other than periods and groups, the table is
divided into families.
From www.science-class.net
12
Families of the Periodic Table
13
ALKALI METALS - Group 1

• very reactive metals that do not occur freely in
  nature
• malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and
  electricity.
• can explode if they are exposed to water

From www.science-class.net
14
ALKALI METALS
15
Lithium Sodium - Rubidium

• We eat sodium in the form of sodium chloride, or
  table salt. It is essential to the human body
  because it helps transmit nerve signals.

• Rubidium is used in the devices that control TVs,
  cell phones, and GPS signals.

• Lithium is the lightest metal
• It is used for making aircraft and rocket parts
  and some types of batteries.

16
ALKLINE EARTH METALS Group 2

• 2ND column
• very reactive
• not found free in nature
• Several of these elements are important mineral
  nutrients (such as Mg and Ca)

From www.science-class.net
17
TRANSITION METALS

• Less reactive harder metals
• Includes metals used in jewelry and construction.
• Metals used as metal.
• Like other metals ductile, malleable, and
  conduct electricity and heat.
• Luster Shine

From www.science-class.net
18
OTHER METALS

• Ductile and malleable
• Have a high density
• All metals except Mercury are solid at room
  temperature.

From www.science-class.net
19
METALLOIDS

• Have properties of both metals and non-metals
• Metalloids are useful in computers and
  calculators.

20
NON-METALS

• Not able to conduct electricity or heat very well
• Very brittle
• Do not have luster Look dull, not shiny.
• Non metals may exist at room temperature as
  solid, liquid, or gas.

From www.science-class.net
21
Boron Family Group 3

• Elements in group 3
• Aluminum
• Most common metal found in the Earth's crust

22
Carbon Family Group 4

• Elements in group 4
• Contains metals, metalloids, and a non-metal
  Carbon (C)
• Contains elements important to life.
• All living organisms contain carbon.
• Carbon combines easily with other elements to
  form new materials.

23
Nitrogen Family Group 5

• Elements in group 5
• Nitrogen makes up over ¾ of the atmosphere.
• The red stuff on the tip of matches is phosphorus.

24
Oxygen Family- Group 6

• Elements in group 6
• Oxygen is necessary for respiration.
• Many things that stink, contain sulfur (rotten
  eggs, garlic, skunks,etc.)

25
HALOGENS Group 7

• Elements in group 7
• Halogen means "salt-former" and compounds
  containing halogens are called "salts"
• Exist in all three states of matter
• Very reactive nonmetals
• Used as disinfectants and to strengthen teeth

From www.science-class.net
26
NOBLE GASES

• Inert Elements
• (Full outer shells)
• -Not chemically active
• Used in neon signs, fluorescent lights,
  headlights or cars.

From www.science-class.net
27
RARE EARTH ELEMENTS

• Many are man-made
• Some are radioactive
• Atomic bombs, lasers, metal detectors.

From www.science-class.net