Employment Decisions

1
Employment Decisions

• David Levinson

2
Job Search

• Formal Processes (information networks)
• Informal Processes (social networks)

3
Social Networks

• Traditional Networks
• Formal Social Networks
• Informal Networks

4
Traditional Social Networks Organizations

• animal rights groups
• charities
• civic, fraternal, service, and professional
  organizations
• companies
• employer associations
• environmental organizations
• humanitarian and peace organizations
• interfaith organizations
• international organizations
• intellectual property organizations
• magical organizations

• political parties
• postal organizations
• professional sports leagues
• religions
• research institutes
• self-help organizations
• terrorist groups
• trade unions
• youth organizations
• Non-profit organization

5
Civic organizations

• 1 Agricultural Organizations
• 2 Civic and Political Organizations
• 3 Consumer Organizations
• 4 Fraternal and Service Organisations
• 5 Environmental Organizations
• 6 Ethnic Organizations
• 6.1 African-American
• 6.2 Finnish-American
• 6.3 Greek-American
• 6.4 Hispanic-American
• 6.5 Italian-American
• 6.6 Jewish-American
• 6.7 Norwegian-American
• 6.8 Polish-American

• 7 Hereditary Lineage Organizations
• 8 Men's Organizations
• 9 Recreational Organizations
• 10 Religious Organizations
• 11 Women's Organizations
• 12 Veterans' Organizations
• 13 Youth Organizations
• 14 Professional Organizations

6
Fraternal and Service Organizations

• Optimists
• Orange Order Order of Scottish Clans
• Quota
• Red Cross
• Rotary International
• Royal Neighbors of America
• Royal Templars of Temperance
• Ruritan
• Samaritans
• Shriners
• Native Sons of the Golden West
• Twilight Club
• Volunteers of America
• Woodsmen of the World

• Aid Association of Lutherans
• Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic
  Shrine
• American Association of University Professors
• Ancient Order of Foresters
• Ancient Order of United Workmen
• Apex
• Canadian Order for Home Circles
• Chautauqua Institute
• Civitan
• Dramatic Order Knights of Khorassan
• Eagles
• Eastern Star
• Benevolent Protective Order of Elks
• Fraternal Forestry
• Freemasonry

• Hull House
• Independent Order of Foresters
• Jaycees
• Kiwanis
• Knights of the Golden Eagle
• Knights of the Maccabees
• Knights of Pythias
• Ku Klux Klan
• Lions Clubs International
• Masons
• Modern Brotherhood of America
• Moose Lodge
• Improved Order of Red Men
• Odd Fellows
• National Haymakers Association

7
Strength of Weak Ties

• Granovetter found that most people find jobs
  through personal contacts.
• How did you find most recent job?

8
Social Networks
9
Social Networks 2
10
Next Generation Social Networks

• FriendSurfer
• FriendFinder
• Friendsync
• Everyone'sConnected
• Ringo
• MySpace
• NetPlaya
• Yafro
• Hi5
• Huminity
• Pal Junction
• Chia Friend
• Buddy Bridge
• Tickle
• Eurekster
• Friendzy
• Friends of Friends
• Impersonals
• Hipstir

• Friend-nets
• Friendster
• Orkut
• Tribe.net
• SixDegrees (offline)

• Business-nets
• LinkedIn
• Ryze (offline)
• ecademy

11
Job Search Sites Formal Search with New
Technology

• Monster.com
• Yahoo! HotJobs
• CareerBuilder
• Etc.

12
Instant Messaging

• Unix Talk
• IRC
• ICQ
• Yahoo
• AOL AIM
• MSN

13
Will the Web Replace Place?

• Question What does physical proximity have the
  web doesnt?

• Question What does the web have that physical
  proximity doesnt?

14
Factors that Affect Job Choice

• Knowledge of job
• Match with skills
• Match with desires
• Wage
• Location

15
Journey to Work Time and Home Value by Ring
16
Gravity Model

• Hypothesis The interaction between two places
  decreases with distance, but increases with the
  size of the two places.
• There is more interaction between Minneapolis and
  St. Paul than Minneapolis and Chicago, despite
  the fact that Chicago is bigger.
• Similarly there is more interaction between
  Minneapolis and Chicago than Minneapolis and Los
  Angeles.
• However, there is more interaction between
  Minneapolis and Los Angeles than Minneapolis and
  Las Vegas, despite the fact that Las Vegas is
  closer.

17
Illustration of Gravity Model
18
Gravity Math

• Tij    KiKj Oi Dj f(Cij)

• Where
• Tij Trips from i to j
• Oi Productions of trips at origin i
• Dj Productions of trips at destination j
• Ki, Kj balancing factors solved iteratively

19
f(Cij)

• For auto
• For transit
• Where
• Cija peak hour auto travel time between zones i
  and j and
• Cijt peak hour transit travel time between
  zones i and j.

20
Testing the Gravity Model

• It is hypothesized that living in an area with
  relatively high jobs accessibility is associated
  with shorter trips, as is working in an area of
  relatively high housing accessibility.
• (the doubly-constrained gravity model)

21
Data

• MWCOG Household Travel Survey (1987-88)
• 8,000 households and 55,000 trips
• Accessibility Measures

22
Jobs and Housing Accessibility and Commuting
Duration

• In the gravity model implicitly being tested
  here, average commute to work time is determined
  by three factors
• 1) a propensity (choices) function which relates
  willingness to travel with travel cost or time,
  (individual demand)
• 2) the opportunities (chances) available at any
  given distance or time from the origin, (market
  supply) and
• 3) the number of competing workers. (market
  demand)
• Propensity f ( tij , Income, Mode, Gender... )
• It is hypothesized that this underlying
  preference is relatively undifferentiated based
  solely on location.

23
Geographic Factors

• 1) distance between the home and the center of
  the region (Di0) (the zero mile marker at the
  ellipse in front of the White House),
• 2) distance between workplace and the center
  (Dj0),
• 3) accessibility to jobs from the home (AiE),
• 4) accessibility to other houses from the home
  (AiR),
• 5) accessibility to other jobs from the workplace
  (AjE),
• 6) and accessibility to houses from workplace
  (AjR).

24
Chart 1 Summary Hypotheses

• Trip-End
• Home-End Work-End
• (Origin) (Destination)
• 
  --------------------------------------------------
  ----------
• Accessibility AiE AjE
• to Jobs negative positive
• Accessibility AiR AjR
• to Houses positive negative
• Distance Di0 Dj0
• from Center positive negative

25
Elasticities of Travel Time with respect to
Accessibility
AUTO COMMUTERS AUTO COMMUTERS TRANSIT COMMUTERS TRANSIT COMMUTERS
VARIABLE ELASTICITY VARIABLE ELASTICITY
AiEa -0.22 AiEt -0.12
AiRa 0.19 AiRt 0.05
AjEa 0.24 AjEt -0.25
AjRa -0.25 AjRt 0.07
Di0 0.25 Di0 0.31
Dj0 -0.16 Dj0 -0.09
26
Dependent Variable Travel Time to Work
27
Conclusions

• Location matters, important explanatory variable,
  but
• Ignores self-selection process - creating more
  high density housing wont create more young or
  old who wish to live in those high density urban
  areas.
• Information matters, people cant take a job they
  dont know about.
• Social networks, both formal and informal,
  provide information informal
• People choose to join and participate in networks
  they are rewarded for
• Informat networks and placeless networks are
  rising compared with older place-based formal
  networks (Rotary, Lions Clubs, etc.)
• Other formal informationnetworks traditional and
  new media (classifieds, job search sites) remain
  important.
• Where you work relative to where you live will
  determine how much peak travel you undertake, and
  thus is critical in understanding travel demand.