The Integumentary System

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The Integumentary System

• And Its Functions

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What is the Integumentary System

• Integument means covering
• So the integumentary system is the skin and its
  appendages
• And this system consists of the skin, hair,
  nails, glands, and nerves and among these the
  skin is the largest organ of the human body.

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What Does It Do?

• You may be aware that one of the main functions
  of the integumentary system is as a protective
  barrier, that keeps our body free from intrusion
  from foreign materials, microorganisms and
  prevents dehydration. The integumentary system
  function also helps in elimination the waste
  products and in the regulation of body
  temperature.

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• Skin is continuous with, but structurally
  distinct from mucous membranes that line the
  mouth, anus, urethra, and vagina. Two distinct
  layers occur in the skin the dermis and
  epidermis. The basic cell type of the epidermis
  is the keratinocyte, which contain keratin, a
  fibrous protein. Basal cells are the innermost
  layer of the epidermis. Melanocytes produce the
  pigment melanin, and are also in the inner layer
  of the epidermis. The dermis is a connective
  tissue layer under the epidermis, and contains
  nerve endings, sensory receptors, capillaries,
  and elastic fibers.

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Roles

• The integumentary system has multiple roles in
  homeostasis, including protection, temperature
  regulation, sensory reception, biochemical
  synthesis, and absorption.

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Hair follicles

• Hair follicles are lined with cells that
  synthesize the proteins that form hair. A
  sebaceous gland (that secretes the oily coating
  of the hair shaft), capillary bed, nerve ending,
  and small muscle are associated with each hair
  follicle.

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Hair

• Hair, scales, feathers, claws, horns, and nails
  are animal structures derived from skin. The hair
  shaft extends above the skin surface, the hair
  root extends from the surface to the base or hair
  bulb. Genetics controls several features of hair
  baldness, color, texture.

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Glands

• Eccrine glands are a type of sweat gland linked
  to the sympathetic nervous system they occur all
  over the body. Apocrine glands are the other type
  of sweat gland, and are larger and occur in the
  armpits and groin areas these produce a solution
  that bacteria act upon to produce "body odor".

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Nails

• Nails consist of highly keratinized, modified
  epidermal cells. The nail arises from the nail
  bed, which is thickened to form a lunula (or
  little moon). Cells forming the nail bed are
  linked together to form the nail.

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Skin and Homeostasis

• Skin functions in homeostasis include protection,
  regulation of body temperature, sensory
  reception, water balance, synthesis of vitamins
  and hormones, and absorption of materials. The
  skin's primary functions are to serve as a
  barrier to the entry of microbes and viruses, and
  to prevent water and extracellular fluid loss.
  Acidic secretions from skin glands also retard
  the growth of fungi. Melanocytes form a second
  barrier protection from the damaging effects of
  ultraviolet radiation. When a microbe penetrates
  the skin (or when the skin is breached by a cut)
  the inflammatory response occurs.

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Continued

• Heat and cold receptors are located in the skin.
  When the body temperature rises, the hypothalamus
  sends a nerve signal to the sweat-producing skin
  glands, causing them to release about 1-2 liters
  of water per hour, cooling the body. The
  hypothalamus also causes dilation of the blood
  vessels of the skin, allowing more blood to flow
  into those areas, causing heat to be convected
  away from the skin surface. When body temperature
  falls, the sweat glands constrict and sweat
  production decreases. If the body temperature
  continues to fall, the body will engage in
  thermiogenesis, or heat generation, by raising
  the body's metabolic rate and by shivering.

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.And Again

• In hot weather up to 4 liters per hour can be
  lost by these mechanisms. Skin damaged by burns
  is less effective at preventing fluid loss, often
  resulting in a possibly life threatening problem
  if not treated.

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Vitamin D vs. Skin

• The skin also assists in the synthesis of vitamin
  D. Children lacking sufficient vitamin D develop
  bone abnormalities known as rickets.

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Fun Facts

• ?Surface of approx 2 sq mtrs ?
• One sixth body's mass.
• ?Heaviest single organ. ?
• Protective ?
• Waterproof
• ?Major sensory organ
• ?Eyelids have the thinnest skin ?
• Back has the thickest skin (dermis) ?
• Sole of heel has the thickest skin (all layers) ?
• Hair grows approx. 1 cm a month ?
• Average head hair is around 120,000 ?
• Nails grow approx. .5 mm per week
• Two to five million sweat glands are a bacteria
  haven

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Did You Know?

• The skin is the largest organ in the body 12-15
  of body weight, with a surface area of 1-2 meters
• And
• Water loss occurs in the skin by two routes.
• evaporation
• sweating

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• fssfsd
• 10 WAYS TO
• 1
• 10 WAYS TO KEEP SKIN HEALTHY

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I and 2

• 1. Wash your face regularly
• If you dont wash our face before bedtime, all
  the bacteria, dirt, and dust you have gathered
  throughout the day will stick to youre pillow and
  sheets. It also aggravates the acne and can cause
  it to spread
• 2.Change your pillow cases
• If you dont shower before you go to bed, be
  sure to change out your pillow cases regularly,
  at least twice a month. If you are a smoker you
  should change your pillow case the next day if
  you did not shower that night. This is because
  the smoke will gather in your hair and irritate
  your skin.

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3 and 4

• 3. Stop the habit of touching your face
• If you cant quit this habit, then be sure to
  constantly clean your hands so you dont transfer
  any bacteria to your face.
• 4.Eat healthy
• It is important to stick to a proper diet if you
  want healthy skin. You need to eat as little junk
  food as possible, but if you cant control
  yourself, then be sure to add many fruits and
  vegetables to your means daily.

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5 and 6

• 5. Drink lots of water
• It is best to drink at least eight glasses of
  water daily to stay hydrated. Drink more whenever
  you work out or sweat to make sure you replace
  the fluids that you lost.
• 6. Avoid unhealthy sunlight
• Sunlight is healthy if it is not between 10am
  and 4pm. If you want to bathe in the sun, be sure
  to do it in the morning. The sunlight is bad for
  your skin after 10am, so be sure to apply
  sunlight.

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7 and 8

• 7. Work out
• Exercise is very important as it helps increase
  blood flow. It also allows oxygen to circulate
  throughout your body, which in turn will keep the
  skin healthy and vibrant.
• 8. Avoid heavy makeup
• Makeup contains many different kinds of
  chemicals. If you put on too much makeup
  everyday, your fae will get irritated and acne
  will develop.

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9 and 10

• 9. Always wear moisturizer
• This is to help youre skin stay supple and
  young. Even if you have oily skin, there are
  moisturizers our there for all skin types.
• 10. Get enough sleep
• It is best to have 8 hours of sleep daily if you
  want healthy skin. If you do not get enough
  sleep, it will dry up your skin.

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Bibliography

• http//www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/
  biobookintegusys.html
• http//www.sciencenetlinks.com/interactives/integy
  system_resource.html
• http//www.acne-treatmentblog.com/acne/10-ways-to-
  keep-your-skin-healthy.html