Central vs Local: Civilian vs Military.

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Central vs Local Civilian vs Military.  Some
Comparative Aspects of Policing

• Clive Emsley, Emeritus Professor, Department of
  History, Open University, Milton Keynes

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Civilian and Military

• France
• Police nationale
• Italy
• Polizia di Stato

• France
• Gendarmerie nationale
• Italy
• Carabinieri

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British PoliceUK Police?

• 43 English and Welsh Forces
• 8 Scottish forces
• PSNI
• British Transport Police
• Ministry of Defence Police
• Etc
• But IPAB markets the UK Police Brand

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UK Models?

• English Police Charles ReithKin police for a
  consensual society
• Irish/Colonial Model Sir Charles Jeffries1.
  Securing territory2. Suppression of violence3.
  Prevention of crime
• (Gendarmeries in all but name?)

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A typology for the 19th century

• State military (gendarmeries)
• State civilian
• Municipal

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Twentieth-Century Changes 1Europe

• Centralisation
• France 1941
• Germany c.1936

• Militarisation
• France maintained division
• Germany late 1940s to 1950s

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Twentieth-Century Changes 2Centralisation

• England
• Amalgamations
• End of Watch Committees and SJCs
• Home Secretarys role in committee appointments

• France
• Paris incorporated into Police nationale (1967)
• Police nationale and Gendarmerie under Ministry
  of Interior (2009)

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Federal Systems

• Germany
• Federal forcesBundespolizei (from old
  BGS)BundeskriminalamtParliamentary Police
• Lander forces (15)LandespolizeiKripo

• USA
• Federal forcesFBIDEA
• States (49) and MunicipalThousands of them