Nationalism

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Nationalism

• Chapter 23 Section 5
• Chapter 24

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The Congress of Vienna

• September 1814
• Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia lead
• Klemens von Metternich (Austria)
• Concordat of Europe fight against
  revolutionaries
• Goals
• Return the power of monarchies
• Conservatism did not want changes to Europe
• Tried to divide up Europe so that no one country
  would dominate

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Congress of Vienna
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Europe after the Congress of Vienna
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Liberalism Nationalism

• Liberalism
• Took ideas of the Enlightenment and the American
  and French Revolutions
• Wanted civil liberties (i.e. Bill of Rights),
  most wanted separation of church and state
• Nationalism
• Idea from French Revolution, creating a nation
  based on communities
• Governments built on loyalty to a nation not to a
  king or leader
• Italy, Germany, Greece

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Latin American Independence

• Haiti (1790-1804)
• Francois Toussaint-LOuverture (former slave)
  starts rebellion that breaks away from France
• Mexico (1810-1821)
• Started by Catholic priest Padre Hidalgo,
  eventually breaks from Spain, 1823 becomes a
  republic
• Guatemala, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, and
  Nicaragua follow
• Spanish South America
• Creoles (Spaniards born in the Americas
  educated and wealthy)
• Simon Bolivar helps free Venezuela
• Jose de San Martin helps free Argentina
• Bolivar San Martin help to free Chile, Peru and
  Ecuador
• Brazil
• Portuguese king moves to Brazil to escape
  Napoleon
• 1822 Dom Pedro frees Brazil

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Latin American Revolutionaries
LOuverture (Haiti)
Hidalgo (Mexico)
San Martin (Argentina)
Bolivar (Venezuela)
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Reform in Great Britain

• Electoral Reforms
• Reform Act of 1832 opened voting rights to more
  of the middle class
• Industrial workers and farmers still
  disenfranchised (could not vote), slowly get more
  rights
• Formation of the Liberal and Conservative parties
• Great Britain slowly became more and more
  democratic
• Dominions of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand
• Part of Great Britain but did have some home rule

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Call for Nationalism in Europe

• Ottoman Empire
• Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, Armenians
• 1830, Greece becomes independent
• Austria
• Slovenes, Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks,
  Croats, Poles, Serbs, Italians
• Italians begin to call for independence
• Russia
• Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Estonians, Finns,
  Jews, Romains, Georgians, Armenians, Turks
• 1861 serfs freed after the Crimean War
• 1917 Russian empire falls apart

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Call for Nationalism
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Revolutions of 1848

• The old order begins to be destroyed
• France revolts, again
• Austrian Empire fights its own people over
  liberal ideas
• Germany was 39 separate states and would become a
  unified country in 1871
• Italian city states start to fight for freedom
  and a new united constitution

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France

• 1815-1848, Bourbon kings lead a constitutional
  monarchy
• Second Empire
• Louis-Napoleon becomes Emperor Napoleon III
• 1854 Crimean War France and Great Britain vs.
  Russia (over the Ottoman Empire)
• 1870 Franco-Prussian War (Napoleon III removed)
• France gives up Alsace and Lorraine to Prussia
• Third Republic
• 1875 new constitution created a republic
• Dreyfus Affair proved republic could handle
  problems

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Unification of Italy

• 1815 Italy was not a country
• Made up of independent states
• Most states controlled by a foreign ruler
• Risorgimento
• Giuseppe Mazzini leads society of Young Italy
• Started the push for a nation-state in 1831

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Unification of Italy (cont.)

• 1848 Venetia and Lombardy begin fighting for
  independence away from Austria
• Sardinia adopted a new constitution
• King Victor Emanuel II
• Camillo di Cavour prime minister
• Helped France England in the Crimean War
• Fought Austria (w/ Frances help)
• Tuscany, Parma, and Modena joined Sardinia in 1860

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Unification of Italy (cont.)

• Southern Italy joins in
• Giuseppe Garibaldi leads guerilla warfare in
  Kingdom of Two Sicilies
• Joins Sardinia in 1861
• 1866 Italy joins Prussia in war against
  Austria, Venetia given to Italy
• 1871 Rome taken from the Popes control and
  Italy is fully united

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Unification of Italy
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Germany 1815
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Unification of Germany

• 1815 Germany was 39 states
• Division between Catholics and Protestant states
• Rivalry between states loyal to Prussia and those
  loyal to Austria
• Congress of Vienna created the German
  Confederation
• Frankfurt Assembly acted to unite the
  confederation
• Resulted in economic ties but still divisions in
  loyalty
• Junkers business class began pushing for
  nationalism

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Unification of Germany (cont.)

• 1848 German liberals started revolution,
  conservatives attempted to put down
• 1861 William I became king of Prussia
• Tried to expand military, stopped by liberal
  politicians who wanted more democracy
• Otto von Bismarck becomes Prime Minister
• Realpolitick nation-state gets what it wants by
  any means

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Unification of Germany (cont.)

• Bismarck leads Prussia into 3 wars
• Vs. Denmark (1864)
• Took territories of Schleswig Holstein with
  Austrias help
• Showed Prussian military strength, gave excuse to
  go to war with Austria
• Seven Weekss (1866)
• Defeated Austria
• Created the North German Confederation
• Franco-Prussian (1870)
• Able to get southern German states to align with
  Prussia
• 1871 Germany was united as a single country

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Austria

• 1848 revolutionaries wanted more democracy
• Emperor Francis Joseph takes over and tries to
  hold Austrian Empire together
• 1867 dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary
• Balkans
• 3/5th population were Slavs with no political
  rights
• Conflict in the Balkans would eventually result
  in World War I

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Balance of Power?

• By 1871
• Great Britain and Germany were dominate
• France next most powerful
• Russia and Austria-Hungary lagged far behind

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Revolutions in the Arts
Romanticism Realism Impressionism
Description Inspired by nature and emotion, influenced by Nationalism Showed life as it really was, inspired by the difficult lives of many during industrialization Reaction against realism, showed life as just a moment in time
Famous Artists, Composers, and Writers Lord Byron, Percy Shelley, Keats, Goethe, Hugo, Mary Shelley, Beethoven, Wagner Daguerre, Balzac, Zola, Charles Dickens Claude Monet, Degas, Renoir
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Romanticism
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Realism
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Impressionism