The Immune System, Allergies, Asthma, and some other complicated stuff

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The Immune System, Allergies, Asthma, and some
other complicated stuff

• by, Danielle, Natasha Michelle

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What is it?

• It protects us against billions of bacteria,
  viruses and parasites, toxins, and other
  substances that shouldnt belong.

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The Complement SystemWhat it does

• -made up of proteins
• -along with antigens which helps the body
  recognize any foreign substances.
• -THE JOBS
• a) Trigger inflammation
• b) Attract eater cells such as macrophages to the
  area
• c) Coat intruders so that eater cells are most
  likely to devour them
• d) Kill intruders

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Phagocytes

• What are they?
• -A group of immune cells that hunt down and eat
  bacteria, viruses, and dead or injured body
  cells.
• There are three main types
• 1.The Granulocytes
• The first to invade the infection and will attack
  anything in large numbers by eating the invaders
  until they die.
• 2.The Macrophages
• These cells play a key part in alerting the
  immune system of invaders. Slower to respond to
  invaders, but larger, live longer, and have far
  greater capacity than the granulocytes.
• 3.The Dendritic Cells
• -Capable of filtering body fluids to clear them
  of foreign organisms and particles.

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Lymphocytes

• What are they?
• -White blood cells that originate in the bone
  marrow. The lymphatic system involves
  transportation and storage for lymphatic cells
  within the body. The lymphatic system feeds cells
  into the body and filters out dead cells and
  invading organisms such as bacteria. There are
  two main types of lymphatic cells.

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T cells

• Produced in the bone marrow
• When they grow up, they move to the thymus
• They activate the B cells and killer T cells
• When the helper T cell recognizes the antigen the
  T cell is activated
• Once activated the helper T cell divides and
  produces proteins that activate the B and T
  cells.

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How it Works!
A little better?
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The Immune System in a couple sentences

• The immune system has many interdependent cell
  types that all work together to protect the body
  from bacterial, parasitic, fungal, viral
  infections and from the growth of tumor cells.
  These cell types can kill anything that is not
  supposed to belong in the body. Without the
  Immune System, we would always be sick.

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Allergies

• What is an allergic reaction?
• An abnormal reaction from the body when an
  allergen, or a foreign substance is detected.
• What are Allergens?
• Anything can be an allergen, but it all depends
  on the person.

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The triggers of an allergic reaction
These are only a few examples. There are millions
of triggers, but it depends on you. Are you
allergic to anything?
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What happens if you are exposed?

• When the body is exposed to a trigger, a
  complicated set of reactions happen
• White blood cells produce an antibody specific to
  the Allegan.
• The antibodies detect, and then destroy whatever
  is in the body that causes the reaction.

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Symptoms

• Skin itching, redness, swelling, blistering,
  rash, hives, weeping, and crusting
• Lungs wheezing, tightness, cough, and shortness
  of breath
• Head swelling of the face, lips, tongue, throat,
  and eyelids, and also headaches
• Nose stuffy nose, runny nose, sneezing
• Eyes redness, itchy, swollen, or watery
• Stomach plain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or
  bloody diarrhea

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Medical Help?

• Because allergic reactions can worsen within
  minutes, medical care is always recommended for
  any symptoms
• Sudden, severe, or fast worsening symptoms
• exposure to an allergen that in the past cause
  caused a bad reaction
• swelling of the tongue, lips, or throat
• a widespread rash occurs
• chest tightness, wheezing, or trouble breathing
• confusion, vomiting, nausea
• collapse or unconsciousness

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Medications, you know those things you take that
make you feel better

• For allergies, there are many different types of
  medications you can take, but the way a
  medication is determined is by the severity of
  the reaction.
• For long term allergies
• Cetirizine(Zyrtec)
• Fexofenadine(Allegra)
• Loratadine(Claritin)
• These medications are found over the counter,
  and are meant to be taken for months at a time,
  mostly once a day.

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More of those medicines

• For severe allergy symptoms
• Epinephrine
• This is only given when extreme reactions
• Is injected and acts as a bronchodilator which
  dilated the breathing tubes
• Increases blood pressure by constricting the
  blood vessels
• Antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine
• Normally given through an IV for rapid reversal
  of the actions from histamines.
• Oral versions are used for less severe reactions.
• Corticosteroids
• Reduce swelling, along with many other symptoms
• After the IV is given, this medication must be
  taken orally.
• This medication should not be mistaken for
  illegal steroids
• A cream version is used for skin reactions

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What is Anaphylaxis?

• Against protection
• A rapid developed and extremely serious reaction
  that affects a number of different areas of the
  body all at once.

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Symptoms of Anaphylaxis

• Symptoms can appear from seconds, to even an hour
  after exposure occurs.
• Flushing of the skin(warmth and redness)
• Hives
• Itchiness
• Rapid irregular pulse
• Swelling of the tongue and throat
• Runny nose
• Wheezing
• Difficulty breathing
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea

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The Kits

• Epi-Pen An automatic syringe that allows the
  victim to receive a predetermined dose of
  medication when it is triggered off.
• Ana-Kit Contains a preloaded syringe and needle
  that have epinephrine in them. They are
  accompanied by antihistamines, alcohol swabs, and
  a tourniquet.

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Asthma

• Asthma is a chronic lung disease that causes
  episodes of difficult breathing, or the
  inflammation of the airways and swelling.

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Triggers

• -Various natural elements that we live with every
  day can be serious triggers for asthmatics.
• Sports or physical activity(anything that makes
  you start to breath heavy)
• Pollen
• Indoor Allergens
• Chemical

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Symptoms

• of an asthma attack are deep coughing, slight
  rough coughing or wheezing, headaches,
  disturbance in sleep pattern (or waking up with a
  cough having an attack) and difficulty in talking.

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vvrUe_6V_PWYfeature
related
This is a real live clip of a girl having an
asthma attack
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How does this all work??

• Leukotrienes are fatty molecules located in the
  immune system that causes the tightening of
  muscles in the Bronchioles.
• -Leukotrienes are naturally produced eicosanoid
  lipid mediators. Leukotrienes use both autocrine
  signalling and paracrine signalling to regulate
  the body's response. Leukotrienes are produced in
  the body from arachidonic acid by the enzyme
  5-lipoxygenase. Their production usually
  accompanies the production of histamine.

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Wait, what was that?

• Eicosanoid lipid mediator- regulate cell types
• Autocrine signaling- a cell releases a chemical
  or hormonal signal to a close cell
• Paracrine signaling- a cell surrounding the
  autocrine that receive the signal
• - When the autocrine cells tell the body to swell
  and close airways the paracrine reacts to help
  them close.

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Arachodonic acid-

• A polyunsaturated fatty acid.
• this acid makes the autocrine cells and causes
  the muscles to tighten.

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Lipoxygenase cycloogenase

• causes an asthmatic to have an attack.Singulair
  and advair cause these symptoms to lessen.

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What will help?