???? ?? ????????? ?????????????? ??? Anglerfish (????????????? ????)

1
???? ?? ????????? ?????????????? ??? Anglerfish
(????????????? ????)
2
Plankton ????????
Phytoplankton ????????????
Zooplankton ???????????
Bacterioplankton ????????????????
3
Plankton - plants and animals that are
suspended in the water column.The plankton
comprises all those marine organisms which drift
passively or whose power of locomotion is
insufficient to enable them to move contrary to
the motion of their inhabited water mass. Some
plankton species have organs, flagella or
antennas with which they can move within the
water mass and perform vertical migrations during
different time of the day. ????????
???????????? ???????????? ? ???????? ??????????,
??????? ? ????? ?????. ??? ???????? ???????? ???
?? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????
?????? ????, ??? ??????????. ????????? ?????????
????? ??????? ??? ???????, ? ??????? ???????
????? ????????????? ? ???? ? ?????????
???????????? ???????? ? ?????? ????? ?????.
4
Free floating small algae are called
phytoplankton. Among these we have the diatoms,
which are small silicate unicellular algae, and
dinoflagellates, which are small unicellular
algae with flagella enabling them to move In the
water. The free floating animals zooplanktons,
count groups like the copepods, rotifers and the
unicellular ciliates. Bacteria are simple
unicellular life forms. As they are devoid of a
well organized cell nucleus they are calls
procaryotes. Bacteria are present everywhere in
the marine environment as well as in other living
organisms. Aparticular case is the cyanobacteria
often called blue-green algae. Some of the
blue-green algae are able to fix atmospheric
nitrogen. ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????
???????? ??????????????.? ?? ????? ??????
?????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ?
?????????? ????????? ? ??????????????? ??????
????????????? ????????? ?? ?????????, ???????????
?? ????????????? ? ????. ???????????
????????????????? ???????? ?????????, ??? ?????
??????, ??? ????????, ?????????? ? ?????????.
???????????????? ???????????? ????? ??????????
????????????? ?????????. ????????? ?? ?????? ??
????? ????? ?????????? ????, ?? ????????
????????????. ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?
??????? ????? ? ? ????? ??????????. ? ??????
????????? ????????? ?????????????, ?????????
????-???????? ???????????. ??? ????????
??????????? ??????????? ????.
5
???. ??????????. Bacillariophyta ???????
???,?????-??????? ?????????-???????, ????????
??????, ??????????,????????????
??????????,????????? ???????????. ?????? ???,
????? ????????????????? ???????, ????????
????????, ??????????,???????????????, ??????????
6

• ???????? (Bacillariophyta) ?? 10 ?? 20 ?????
  ????? ???????????????? (0,751500 ???) ?????????
  ??? ???????????? ??????????, ?????? ???????
  ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????, ?????????
  ?? ???? ???????. ?????? ??????? ????? ????, ?????
  ??????? ?????????? ????? ? ??????? ??????. ??????
  ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ??
  ?????????, ??????, ?? ???? ????????? ?????.
  ???????????? ????? ????? ? ????????? ???????,
  ?????????? ????? ????? ?? 20 ?? ???????. ???
  ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????
  ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????, ??????
  ????????? ????????? ??????. ??-?? ????, ???
  ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????
  ??????????? ?????, ????????? ??????????
  ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ????????. ?????? ????????
  ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????
  ???????? ???????? ? ??????????? ????????????? ?
  ????????.

7
???. ?????????? ?????????. ??????? ???, ?????
??????? ?????????? (??????? ???????, ?????),
??????????? (??????????, ????????
?????????????). ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????
??????? ??????????? ??????, ?????????
??????????, ???????????, ???????????? ?????
8
?????????? (Euglenophyta) ????????????? (????
????????????) ????????? ????????????, ????????
???? ?????????????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ?????
???????? ?????????, ???????? ????????????
???????? ????????. ?? ????? ?????????? ?? 10 ??
500 ???. ??????????? (???? ??? ????) ??????? ???
??????????. ???????????? ???????? ???????
??????? ?????????? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ????.
??? ??????????????? ???????? ??????????
?????????? ???????, ??????? ?????. ????????
????? ?? 900 ????? ???????? ? ???????????,
????????? ???????? ????????????. ???????, ????
??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ? ???????, ??
??????????? ???????? ? ????????? ????????
????????, ??? ????????. ???? ?? ????? ?????
????????? ?? ????, ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????.
9
Chlorophyta. ??????? ?????????. ??????? ???,
????? ??????? ?????????????, ????????,
????????????, ??????????? ????????????, ????????.
?????? ???, ????? ??????? ?????????, ????????,
?????, ????????, ?????????
10

• ??????????? ??????? ?????????? (Chlorophyta)
  ???????????????? ???????????? ?????. ?????????
  ????????? (??????????) ??????? ?? ????????,
  ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????.
  ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????
  ? ??????. ??????????? ? ???????????? ?????
  (????????, ????????).
• ??????????? ????????????
• ?????-???????? (?????
• ????? 1??), ?????
• ?????????? ??? ?????
• (????? ????? 1??),
• ??????
• ? ??????????.

11
Class Scifomedusozoa ???????????. ??????? ???,
????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????, ????????,
??????-?????, ??????? ??????. ?????? ???, ?????
??????? ???????????? ????????, ????????
????????, ?????????? ??????, ???????????
12
NECTON Pisces are most numerous vertebral. About
40 000 different their kinds are known, that more
than twice exceeds the incurrence of types of
mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles of
together taken. With respect to the amount of
individuals, them in waters in truth countless
amount. ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????????
???????????. ???????? ????? 40 000 ????????? ??
?????, ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?????
????? ?????????????, ????, ??????? ? ????????
?????? ??????. ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????, ??
?? ? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????????.
13
Necton, on the other hand, comprises all
swimming consumers that are able to remain in,
zones of high productivity In the face of
currents which would otherwise carry them away.
Their swimming capacity also permits them to
migrate from one area to another and thereby
select favourable habitats In which to spend
different periods of their lives. ??????
???????????? ???? ????????? ??????????, ?????????
?? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?
????? ????????????? ????????, ??????? ????? ??
????? ?????? ?????. ? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????
????? ???????????, ????? ???? ? ???????
????????????? ?????????????.
14
This group is dominated by fish species. Its
larval life is spent in the deep sea. In the
surface water of the open ocean and in coastal
waters, when adult, it inhabits the freshwater
environment, except for the final spawning
migration. ? ???? ?????? ??????????
????. ????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????
????????? ?????? ???????? ???????, ???????
(?????) ? ???????? ???????? ? ??? ??? ?????
??????? ? ?????? ????? ??????. ???????? ?????
??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ????????
????? ?????, ? ????????????? ????? ??????? ?
?????????? ?????, ? ???????? ????????? ????????
??????? ???????, ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????
? ????? ????? ?????.
15

1. Atlantic salmon (salmo salar)
2. Sea trout (salmo trutta)

16

• 3. Vimba (vimba vimba)
• 4.Eel (anguilla anguilla)
• 5.Lamprey (lampetra fluviatilis)

17
Mammals KYTOOBRAZNYE (Cetacea), detachment
exceptionally waters mammals, which whale,
dolphins and porpoises, behave to. Streamlined,
often a torpedovydnoe body gives them external
likeness with finfishess. However kytoobraznye
teplokrovny, breathe atmospheric air, mature a
fruit in an uterus, give the fully developed, apt
at independent existence baby which a mother
rears by milk, and on their tel tailings of hair
cover are distinguished. On these and some to
other signs they are similar with other
mammalian, and the general plan of their
structure also testifies to belonging to this
class of animals.
????????????? ???????????? (Cetacea), ?????
????????????? ?????? ?????????????, ? ????????
????????? ????, ???????? ? ??????? ??????.
??????????, ????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??
??????? ???????? ? ??????. ?????? ????????????
???????????, ????? ??????????? ????????,
?????????? ???? ? ?????, ??????? ??????
?????????, ?????????? ? ????????????????
????????????? ????????, ???????? ????
???????????? ???????, ? ?? ?? ???? ?????????
??????? ?????????? ???????. ?? ???? ? ?????????
?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ? ???????
??????????????, ? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????
??????????????? ? ?????????????? ? ??????? ??????
????????.
18
(No Transcript)
19
Detachment of kytoobraznykh divides by two
podotryada dental whale (Odontoceti) and with
mustaches whale (Mysticeti). The first are
considered less specialized to by him belong, in
particular, klyuvoryly, sperm whale, kosatky, and
also more shallow forms is dolphins and
porpoises. Sperm whale arrive at in length 18 ?
at mass 60 ? length of their lower jaw to 5-6 ?
reaches.
????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????
??????? ????? (Odontoceti) ? ?????? ?????
(Mysticeti). ?????? ????????? ?????
??????????????????? ? ??? ?????????, ?
?????????, ?????????, ????????, ???????, ? ?????
????? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ??????? ??????.
???????? ????????? ? ????? 18 ? ??? ????? 60 ?
????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? 56 ?.
20
(No Transcript)
21
????? (Selachii), ????? ???, ?? ??????
?????????????, ???????? (Selachomorpha,
Selachoidea, Selachioidei) ???. ??? 350375 ????
??????? ????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????,
57 ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????, ????????
?? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????
??????? ? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????.
SHARKS (Selachii), detachment or, on other
classification, superorder (Selachomorpha,
Selachoidea, Selachioidei) of finfishess. All
350-375 now above-ground kinds are characterized
by a chondroskeleton, by 5-7 branchial cracks on
each side from a head, looking like the teeth of
plakoydnymy cheshuyamy from the dentine covered
by an enamel and anisolobous tail flipper.
22
????????? ????? ?????, ???????? ????????? ?????
(Carcharhinus leucas), ?? ????? ??? ?????
?????????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ? ??????? ?????.
????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??
?????? ??. 3600 ?. ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????
????? ??????? ????? (Rhincodon typus),
??????????? 15 ? ? ????? ? ????? ????? 10 ?
????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????
(Squaliolus laticaudus) ?????? ? ????????????
????????? ????? 15 ??.
Small number of kinds, for example tuporylaya
shark (Carcharhinus leucas), on more or less long
time call at rivers fresh lakes. Sharks meet from
off-shore melkovodyy to the depths of ok. 3600 ?.
The largest from now above-ground kinds is whale
shark (Rhincodon typus) arriving at 15 ? in
length and the masses more than 10 ? most
shallow is midget prickly shark (Squaliolus
laticaudus) long in the polovozrelom state only
15 sm.
23
?????????? (Pinnipedia), ????? ??????????
?????????????, ??????? ?????? ????????????? ?
????? ? ????, ?? ?? ????? ???????????? ??????????
?????????? ?? ????. ? ?????????? ????????? ??????
? ?????. ?????????? ????? ?? ??? ?????????
??????? ??????? (Otariidae), ????????? ???
??????? (?????????) ??????? (Phocidae), ?
???????? (Odobenidae). ? ???? ?????? ??????????
??????? 20 ?????, 31 ??? ? ???????? 16
?????????????? ??? ??? ????????. ????????
???????????? ????? ?????.
PINNIPEDIAS (Pinnipedia), detachment of
carnivorous mammals which are well adjusted to
life in water, but can not exist quite regardless
of dry land. Seals and walruses behave to
fin-footed. Fin-footed divide by three families
with big ears seals (Otariidae) seals, or earless
(nastoyaschykh) seals (Phocidae), and walruses
(Odobenidae). To two first families attribute 20
families, 31 kind and approximately 16
geographical races or subspecieses. Walruses are
represented by one birth.
24
(No Transcript)
25
(No Transcript)
26

• ??????? ? ????????
• ??????? ? ???????? ??? ?????????, ????????? ??
  ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ????????? ????
  ?????????????. ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????
  ?????????????? ?????????, ? ??????? ????????
  ??????? ? ??????????????? ?????????.
• ?????????????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????
• ??????? ?????? (????????, ?????????? ???????)
• ????????? ???????? ????????? (????????, ???????
  ??????, ??????? ??????)
• ????? ?? ????????????? ?????? ???? (????????,
  ??????? ???????)

27
??????? ????????? (?????????) ?????? ?????
??????????????, ????? 1 ?? ????????. ????? ??????
????????? ??????????? ? ???????, ??? ??? ????? ?
?????? ?????? ????
28

• ????????
• ??????? ? ????? ?????? ?
• ?????? ??????? ?
  ???????? ??
• ??? ???????? ??????,
  ???????
• ??????? ? ?????????
  ?????????
• (????????? ???
  ????????
• ????????) ?????
  ????-
• ????????? ??????
  ??????
• ??????? ? ???????
  ???????
• ?????? ? ??????,
  ?????????????? ?
• ???????????? ????????.

29
???????

•  ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????????
  ??? ????????, ?????????? ?????? ? ???????????.
  ??????? ?????????? ???????, ??? ???????, ?????? ?
  ?????????? ?? ???????? ? ??????????, ? ?? ??????
  ??? ?????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????
  ???????.

30

• ?????????? ?? ???????
• ??????? ?????????????
• ???????????????
• ???????????????????
• ?????????????
• ?????????????????????
• ???????????????
• ??????????????????

31
B e r d s
32
??????? ????? ?????, ???????????????? ? ?????
? ??????? ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?
???????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ???
??????????????, ??? ? ?? ?????????????
???????????????, ??? ????? ?????????? ????????
?????????????? ????????, ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?????
????????, ?????? ????????????? ????????? ? ??????
???????? ????. ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????
????????? ??? ? ??????? ??????, ? ????????
??????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ? ?????
?????????.
?orsky me pty mtsy are birds adapting oneself to
life in a marine environment. Although all marine
birds largely differ from each other both
physiological and by povedencheskym
recommendations, they often show the signs of
convergence likeness, that talks about their
general evolution similar ecological problems and
single forage niche. The most ancient marine
birds appeared as early as chalky period, and
they got symptoms of modern families in the epoch
of paleogene.
33
1. Longtailed duck
?? ????????? ? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????
?????, ??? ???????, ????? ??????, ????????????
? ????? ?????? ????????, ? ??????? ???????
??????, ???????? ?? ???????????? ?????
???????. ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????????
?????????, ??????? ????? ??????????? ??
?????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????????
??????. As compared to other groups of birds
marine birds, as a rule, live longer, propagate
oneself in more mature age, and destroy nestling
less, dedicating them considerable part of time.
Most marine kinds nests by colonies which can
vary from a few ten to a few million individuals.
2. Tufted duck
34
3. Canadian goose
4.Herring gull
35
?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ??
? ??????????? ??????????, ????????? ??????? ? ?
????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????????
???????????. ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???????????
????, ??? ? ??? ?????, ? ????? ?????? ????????
???? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????????
?? ???????????? ????????? ????? ?? ???????,
?????? ?? ????? ????????????? ?? ?????????, ?
?????? ???????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????
????? ?? ????. Many of them annually migrate on
considerable distances, crossing an equator and
on occasion even making round-the-world voyages.
Birds live by both on-the-spot sea and under
water, and also sometimes hunt on each other.
One kinds the whole year round conduct on ocean
spaces far from banks, other live exceptionally
on a coast, and third in general conduct certain
part of year far from a sea.
5. Eider duck
6. Black-backed gull
36
7. Turnstone
8. Guillemot razorbill
37
9.Black guillemot
10. Crested grebe
38
11. Velvet scoter
12. Mute swan
39
13. Blackheaded gull
14. Black storch
40
????????? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ???????
(???????????? ???????) ? ????????????? ?????.
Diagram of food network and streams of energy
(vertical pointers) in deep-water part
41
sea ecosystems
42
SHALLOW-WATER SUBTIDAL BENTHIC ASSOCIATIONS
Figure 2 Diagrammatic representation of the
central position of krill, Euphausia superba, in
the Antarctic oceanic ecosystem. (After The
American Scientist, January/February 1993, P-39.)
43
General transfer efficiency between trophic
levels, e.g.Primary production by phytoplancton,
grazing by zooplancton and preducnion by fish and
seals. At each stage there is a 90 energy loss
????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????
???????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ??????????
?????????? ?????????????? ??????????????, ???
???????? ?????????????, ??????????? ???, ?
???????. ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? 90 ???????
44
(No Transcript)
45

• There is a well-developed microbial food web in
  the sea ice. This microbial community or
  association may be significant not only to
  plankton, but to polar benthic communities as
  well because there is evidence that benthic
  organisms feed on the sea ice biota. A conceptual
  tV for the ice community is in Figure .

flagellate
Pagothenia
Figure conceptual food web for the pack ice
microbial community. Solid arrows show feeding
relationships documented. Dashed arrows show
predator-prey relationships known in other
systems but that have not been confirmed in sea
ice. None of the feeding rates is known.