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Georgia and the American Experience

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Title: Georgia and the American Experience


1
Georgia and the American Experience
  • Chapter 7
  • The Antebellum Era, 1838-1860
  • Study Presentation

2
Georgia and the American Experience
  • Section 1 Manifest Destiny
  • Section 2 Deepening Divisions
  • Section 3 Slavery as a Way of Life
  • Section 4 Antebellum Georgia
  • Section 5 The Election of 1860

3
Section 1 Manifest Destiny
  • Essential Question
  • How did Americans apply the concept of manifest
    destiny during the Antebellum period?

4
Section 1 Manifest Destiny
  • What words do I need to know?
  • Manifest Destiny
  • annex
  • skirmish

5
Manifest Destiny
  • A Northern journalist (1845) wrote that the
    manifest destiny of the U.S. was to overspread
    the continent allotted by Providence for the free
    descendants of our yearly multiplying millions
  • The countrys leaders steadily increased
    territory and fought to protect its citizens
    across the continent

6
The Nation Grows
  • Texas won independence from Mexico in 1836
    annexed as the 28th state in 1845
  • The U.S. declared war on Mexico to secure Rio
    Grande as the Mexican/U.S. border
  • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) gave the U.S.
    the territory encompassing California, Nevada,
    Utah, Arizona, most of New Mexico, and parts of
    Wyoming and Colorado.
  • Gadsden Purchase (1853) bought the southern part
    of New Mexico

7
Oregon Territory and Western Migration
  • Area west of the Rocky Mountains and north of
    California
  • In 1818 treaty, the U.S. and Great Britain set
    boundary between the U.S. and Canada at the 49th
    parallel
  • The Oregon and Santa Fe trails were the favored
    routes west by settlers
  • Between 1848 and 1850, the population of
    California increased tenfold most of these
    settlers were seeking gold

Click to return to Table of Contents
8
Section 2 Deepening Divisions
  • ESSENTIAL QUESTION
  • How did the North and South differ before the
    Civil War?

9
Section 2Deepening Divisions
  • What words do I need to know?
  • states rights
  • Missouri Compromise
  • sectionalism
  • Compromise of 1850
  • Kansas-Nebraska Act

10
States Rights
  • States rights Belief that the states interests
    take precedence over interests of national
    government
  • Northern states believed that all states should
    abide by laws made by the national government
  • Southern states believed that states had right to
    govern themselves and decide what would be best
    for their own situation

11
Differences North and South
  • Class Structure North generally based on wealth
    South based on wealth and being born into the
    right family
  • Slavery North wanted it abolished South
    supported it
  • Southern planter system consisted of large and
    small categories the wealthiest had the most
    land and the most slaves
  • Economy Northern based on mining, industry,
    banks, stores, and railroads Southern based on
    agriculture, including cotton, rice, and indigo
  • Southerners resented tariffs, which raised import
    prices the South imported more than the North

12
Freed Blacks and Slaves
  • 500,000 freed blacks only 6 percent lived in
    South (mostly Virginia and Maryland)
  • By 1860, 11.5 percent of nations 4 million
    slaves lived in Georgia
  • 3,500 freed blacks lived in Georgia by 1860
  • Slaves in the lower South cultivated King
    Cotton, which accounted for 50 of Americas
    exports

13
The Abolitionists
  • Led the movement to do away with slavery
  • Many northern whites, some southern
  • and free blacks were involved
  • Made speeches, wrote books and articles, and
    offered their homes as safe houses for runaway
    slaves
  • Uncle Toms Cabin (1852), by Harriet Beecher
    Stowe, portrayed slaverys evils the book sold
    more than 1 million copies
  • North Star and The Abolitionist were anti-slavery
    newspapers

14
The Missouri Compromise
  • Approved in 1820 Maine entered the Union as a
    free state, and Missouri entered as a slave state
  • 11 states allowed slavery and 11 states did not
  • Prohibited slavery north of 3620' latitude (the
    southern border of Missouri), and included
    Louisiana Territory lands west of Missouri
  • Temporarily solved slavery controversy between
    the states

15
The Dred Scott Decision
  • Supreme Court ruling in 1857
  • A slave filed suit after he lived in free states
    with his owner but was returned to slave state
  • Court ruled that slaves were not citizens and
    could not file lawsuits
  • Court also ruled that Congress could not stop
    slavery in the territories
  • Decision further separated the North and South

16
The Compromise of 1850
  • California would enter Union as a free state
  • New Mexico territory would not become part of
    Texas or a guaranteed slave state
  • The District of Columbia would no longer trade
    slaves, but slave owners there could keep their
    slaves
  • Runaway slaves could be returned to their owners
    in slave states
  • Utah and New Mexico territories could decide if
    they wanted to allow slaves or not

17
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
  • Created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska
  • Those territories had right of popular
    sovereignty
  • Popular sovereignty When a territory asked for
    statehood, the people could vote on slavery
  • Freesoilers in those territories fought against
    Abolitionists and proslavery supporters

Click to return to Table of Contents
18
Section 3 Slavery as a Way of Life
  • ESSENTIAL QUESTION
  • What was life like for Georgia slaves during the
    Antebellum period?

19
Section 3 Slavery as a Way of Life
  • What words do I need to know?
  • driver
  • slave code
  • arsenal
  • Underground Railroad

20
Hard work, Simple living
  • Slaves worked long hours in swampy rice fields or
    tobacco and cotton fields
  • Work began at sunup and continued until sundown
    overseers punished slaves who did not harvest
    enough
  • Drivers, older slaves trusted by the plantation
    owner, also supervised the field hands
  • Slave children, as young as five, also worked
    hard on the plantations and farms
  • Slave cabins were small, very simply furnished,
    and crudely built foods were basic

21
Slave Family Life
  • Slave families sometimes became separated
  • Owners encouraged marriage slave children became
    property of the mothers owner
  • Religion was important black preachers spoke of
    freedom and justice
  • Spiritual songs encouraged slaves throughout
    their lives
  • Education was nearly nonexistent, although
    minimal reading and writing skills were permitted
    by some slave owners

22
Slave Rebellions
  • 1831 - Nat Turner led bloody rebellion in
    Virginia between 57 and 85 people died Turner
    was hanged
  • Nat Turners Rebellion and other unsuccessful
    rebellions prompted strict laws across the South
    designed to curtail slave movements, meetings,
    and efforts to learn to read and write
  • These laws applied to both slaves and freed
    blacks

23
Slave Codes
  • Took away nearly all rights of slaves
  • Slaves could not carry weapons, make any contact
    with white people
  • People who tried to teach people of color were
    punished slaves could not work any job involving
    reading and writing
  • Slaves had little time to talk together

24
John Brown
  • White abolitionist led a raid on federal arsenal
    (arms storehouse) at Harpers Ferry, Virginia
  • Brown wanted ammunition to lead a rebellion to
    free the Souths slaves
  • He was captured and hanged for treason
  • The Brown raid added to fear and distrust,
    especially in the South to many Northerners,
    Brown became a hero

25
The Underground Railroad
  • Network of roads, houses, river crossings, boats,
    wagons, woods, and streams operated by blacks and
    whites
  • Provided a trail of flight for runaway slaves
    seeking freedom in Canada or the Northern states
  • Safe stops along the way called stations
  • Ex-slave Harriet Tubman personally helped more
    than 300 slaves escape to freedom

Click to return to Table of Contents
26
Section 4 Antebellum Georgia
  • ESSENTIAL QUESTION
  • What was Georgia like before the Civil War?

27
Section 4Antebellum Georgia
  • What words do I need to know?
  • Know-Nothing Party
  • Great Revival Movement
  • Milledgeville

28
Georgias Pre-War Economy
  • 68,000 farms by 1860 cotton was chief crop
  • 500 plantations (500 acres or more) most farms
    were less than 100 acres
  • 60 percent of Georgians owned no slaves only 236
    had 100 or more slaves
  • Half of Georgias total wealth was in slaves
    (400 million)
  • 1,890 factories in Georgia by 1860 about 11
    million in value

29
Education
  • Most Georgians had little education
  • 20 percent of Georgians were illiterate in 1850
  • 100,000 allotted in 1858 to begin free schools
    the outbreak of the Civil War delayed these plans
  • Georgias first law school founded in 1859
  • Slaves were not given educational opportunities

30
Religion
  • Georgians involved in the Great Revival Movement
    of the early 1800s
  • Camp meetings popular, especially among
    Methodists
  • By 1860, Georgia second only to Virginia in the
    South in number of churches
  • Methodists and Baptists most common denominations

31
Antebellum Georgia Politics
  • Democrats and Whigs were two major political
    parties
  • Democrats supported states rights took strong
    stand for slavery
  • Whigs mainly from upper social classes favored
    moderate protective tariff and federal help for
    the South
  • Most governors were Whigs most legislators were
    Democrats

32
Know-Nothing Party
  • Leading Georgians formed two new political
    parties one party favored the Compromise of 1850
    while the other did not
  • A secret party, the Know-Nothing party, did not
    want immigrants to become citizens or anyone not
    born in the United States to hold political
    office
  • Members answered all questions, I dont know 
  • By 1856, Democrats were dominant party Dem.
    Joseph E. Brown, elected governor in 1856, served
    during the Civil War                 

Click to return to Table of Contents
33
Section 5 The Election of 1860
  • ESSENTIAL QUESTION
  • What steps led to Georgias secession from the
    Union in 1861?

34
Section 5The Election of 1860
  • What words do I need to know?
  • Republican Party
  • secession
  • platform
  • ordinance
  • Confederate States of America

35
The Republican Party
  • Republican Party formed in 1854 in free states
  • Antislavery Whigs and Democrats joined
  • Nominated Abraham Lincoln of Illinois as their
    candidate in 1860
  • Southern and Northern Democrats split over
    slavery issues and nominated separate candidates
  • Southerners angrily viewed the plans of the
    Republicans as non-beneficial to the South

36
Georgia and Lincolns Election
  • Georgians were, for the most part, for the Union
    however, they were strongly for states rights
  • Despite lawmakers strong debates for and against
    secession, a Secession convention began in
    January 1861 in Milledgeville, the capital
  • A secession ordinance (bill) passed 208-89
  • The Southern states who seceded met in
    Montgomery, Alabama in February, 1861 they
    formed the Confederate States of America

37
Georgians in Leadership
  • Robert Toombs named Secretary of State of the
    Confederate States of American (CSA)
  • Alexander H. Stephens named Vice-President
  • Governor Joseph E. Brown favored secession and
    used his terms as governor to prepare Georgia for
    war   

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38
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