What are the smallest living units of organisms?

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BIOL 2010 Human Anatomy Physiology I
What are the smallest living units of organisms?
A) Organelles B) Cells C) Tissues D) Organisms
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What are the smallest living units of organisms?
Cells w/c are called the building blocks of life

• Basic components

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What are the components of the plasma membrane?
A flexible (fluid mosaic) _____________ between a
cells environment (__________) and the inside of
the cell (______________).

• Comprised of

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What does a plasma membrane do?

• Provides a
• Allows ___________ of cells internal
  (intracellular) environment
• Allows __________ ___________to be formed
• Provides cell _________ and allows ___________
  ___________

Function of plasma membrane determined by
________ and other molecules floating in lipid
bilayer
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What is cytoplasm?
The stuff between the plasma membrane and the
nucleus
What is it made of ?1/2 ________ 1/2
__________
So whats cytosol?_____________ _____________
__________ ________
Dissolved and suspended molecules
A support structure made of filaments and tubules
(actin filament movie)
Granules, droplets and other clusters of chemicals
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Can substances move in and out of cells?
Plasma membrane functions to regulate
concentration of substances inside and outside of
cell.
What forms of movement are there?
Diffusion
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What forms of movement are there?
Osmosis
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What forms of movement are there?
Osmotic conditions described relative to their
pressures (due to differing conc. of solutes
Hyposmotic Hyperosmotic Isosmotic
Solute Solvent
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What forms of movement are there?
tonic conditions describe the tendency of cells
to swell, shrink or stay the same
Hypotonic Hypertonic Isotonic
Crenation and Lysis
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What forms of movement are there?
____________________
The movement of matter across a membrane via
carrier molecules (proteins).
Types
Specificity, Competition Saturation
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Take 5!!!
The transport of glucose into and out of most
cells (muscle, fat etc.) occurs by facilitated
diffusion. Once glucose enters a cell it is
converted to other molecules such as
glucose-6-phosphate or glycogen. What effect
does this conversion have on the ability of the
cell to acquire glucose? Explain
Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer.
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What forms of movement are there?
Mediated Transport
Types
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What forms of movement are there?
Mediated Transport
Types
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Take 2!!!
PredictIn cardiac (heart) muscle cells, the
concentration of intracellular Ca2 ions
affects the force of the heart contraction. The
gt Ca2 the gt the contraction force. Na/ Ca2
countertransport helps to regulate intracellular
Ca2 ion levels by transporting Ca2 ions out of
the cardiac muscle cells. Given that digitalis
slows the transport of Na ion, should the heart
beat more of less forcefully? Why?
Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer.
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What about large substances?

______________Forming an invagination of the
plasma membrane, eventually pinching off in the
form of a membrane bound sphere (vesicle)
Is this process more similar to diffusion or
active transport? Why?
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What about large substances?
______________Reverse of endo. A vesicle
merges with the plasma membrane and then ruptures
releasing vesicle contents.
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What are the various types of organelles and what
are their functions?
Organelles ___________

• Small structures made of __________________.
  Subunits formed in nucleolus of nucleus.
• Found floating free in _________ or attached to
  ____________________
• Essential component of ________________!

Familiarize yourself with table 3.1!!!
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What are the various types of organelles and what
are their functions?
Organelles____________________
Continuous with nuclear membrane 2 types
What type of product is formed here?
What type(s) products formed/packaged here?
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What are the various types of organelles and what
are their functions?
Organelles_________________
What is the process?
Collection of flattened membranous sacs,receive
vesicles from ______________ ___________,
________, __________ etc. then forms vesicles
that stay in cell, or merge with plasma membrane.
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What are the various types of organelles and what
are their functions?

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What are the various types of organelles and what
are their functions?
OrganellesSpecialized vesicles
____________vesicles containing
________________which help _____
debris _______________smaller vesicles that
also contain digestive _______ and _________
Zellweger syndrome
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What are the various types of organelles and what
are their functions?
Organelles____________
Powerhouse of cells producing
______ Endosymbiont hypothesis
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What are the various types of organelles and what
are their functions?
OrganellesMitochondria
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What are the various types of organelles and what
are their functions?
OrganellesAssorted odds-n-ends

Associated with _________________ in cell
division, and basal bodies in ____ and
_____________
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What are the various types of organelles and what
are their functions?
OrganellesAssorted odds-n-ends
______________ ___________
_______________ or ________________ projections
made of microtubules
Small cytoplasmic extensions, dont move
increase ____________________
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What are the various types of organelles and what
are their functions?
____________

• Membrane bound structure containing cells
  ______.
• Nuclear envelope contains _________. (Why?)

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How do cells spend their time?
A cell spends its life in different phases of
activity. - - - These periods are called
________________
(most of a cells life is spent in interphase).
However, to reproduce the cell has to divide
its nuclear material this is __________
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What are chromosomes?
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What are chromosomes?
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What are chromosomes?
Anatomy of a chromosome Undivided chromosomes
consist of
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What are functions of chromosomes ?
Chromosomes contain the genetic information (DNA)
that codes for your body. Your blueprints are
in your bluegenes
What is a gene? Specific segments of DNA that
code for specific ___________ or
_______________________that result in specific
characteristics or traits.
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How are chromosomes divided between new cells?
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How are chromosomes divided between sex cells?
____________ Process of nuclear division
preparing __________
1) So how many chromosomes then? 2)
3) 4)
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4 chromosomes
2 chromosomes(each)