Matter

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Chapter 2

• Matter

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2.1 Nature of Matter

• Objectives
• To learn about the composition of matter
• To learn the difference between elements and
  compounds
• To define the three states of matter

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A. The Particulate Nature of Matter

• Matter is the stuff of which the universe is made
  of.
• Matter comes in many forms Ex. Stars, the air we
  breath, food we eat, and the Earth we live on.
• Has two characteristics
• Has mass
• Takes up space

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The Atomic Nature of Matter

• All matter consists of similar tiny particles
  called atoms.
• Atom is the fundamental unit of which elements
  are made of.
• Ex Copper
• Atoms

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B. Elements and Compounds

• Scientist have learned that all matter is made up
  of 100 different types of atoms.
• Nitrogen atoms are different form oxygen atoms,
  which in turn is different from copper atoms.
• We call these 100 types of atoms the elements of
  the universe.

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Compounds

• In much the same way that we use a few letters to
  make thousands of words, we use atoms to
  construct all matter.
• Just like letters combine to make different
  words, atoms combine to form different compounds.
• Compounds are substances made by bonding atoms
  together in specific ways.

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Compounds

• Compounds are substances that contain two or more
  different types of atoms.

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Compounds

• If you could magically travel inside a glass of
  water and examine its parts, you would see
  particles consisting of two hydrogen atoms bonded
  to an oxygen atom.
• We call this particle a molecule.
• Molecule is made up of atoms that are stuck
  together.
• All molecules of a compound are the same.

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Elements

• Elements contain only one type of atom
  elemental copper contains only copper atoms and
  elemental gold contains only gold atoms.

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C. The States of Matter

• Matter exists in three states
• Solid a rigid substance with a definite shape
• Liquid has a definite volume but takes the shape
  of its container
• Gas takes the shape and volume of its container

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2.3 Classifying Matter

• Objectives
• To learn to distinguish between mixtures and pure
  substances
• To learn two methods of separating mixtures

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A. Mixtures and Pure Substances

• Virtually all the matter around us consists of
  mixtures of substances.
• The air we breath is a mixture.
• The soil is a mixture.
• Even the water from a drinking fountain is
  mixture. How?
• Matter can be classified as a mixture or a pure
  substance.

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Mixtures

• Mixture can be defined as something that has
  variable composition.
• Examples- wood, soda, the air we breath,
  underground water and coffee.
• The composition of mixtures varies, but the
  composition of compounds is always the same.

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Mixtures

• There are two types of mixtures.
• Mixtures can be classified as heterogeneous or
  homogeneous mixtures.
• Heterogeneous mixtures are unevenly mixed,
  meaning that it contains regions that have
  different properties from those of other regions.
  Ex. Sand, salad, trail mix.

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Mixtures

• Homogeneous mixtures are evenly mixed throughout,
  meaning they are the same throughout.
• Homogeneous mixtures can also be called
• Solution- mixture involving a liquid
• Alloy- mixture of metals

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Mixtures

• Alloy

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Pure Substances

• A pure substance always has the same composition.
  
• Pure substances are of two types

• Compounds which can be chemically broken down
  into elements
• Elements which cannot be broken down chemically
  into simpler substances

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B. Separation of Mixtures

• Mixtures can be separated into pure substances by
  various means.
• Distillation involves boiling

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B. Separation of Mixtures

• Filtration

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Summary The Organization of Matter
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2.2 Properties of Matter

• Objectives
• To learn to distinguish between physical and
  chemical properties
• To learn to distinguish between physical and
  chemical changes

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A. Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes

• Matter has both physical and chemical properties.
  
• Chemical properties describe a substances
  ability to change to a different substance.
• Physical properties are the characteristics of a
  substance that do not involve changing to another
  substance.
• Examples are shape, size and color

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A. Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes

• Matter undergoes physical and chemical changes.
• A physical change involves a change in one or
  more physical properties but no change in
  composition.

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A. Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes

• A chemical change transforms a substance into one
  or more new substances.