Everything that has mass and volume is called matter.

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Everything that has mass and volume is called
matter.
What is matter?
_______ Amount of material in an
object Volume __________________________________
_
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Atoms with certain consistent characteristics are
called.
Elements
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Elements Substances that can NOT be broken into
simpler substances

• Symbols Latin and Greek in Origin
• Usually given the 1st letter of the name or the
  1st two letters in the elements name as the
  symbol
• Periodic Table
• Organizes the elements horizontally by atomic
  number
• Vertically by similar element properties

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Atoms

• Smallest part of an element that has all the
  properties of that element
• Model
• ___________ moving charged particles with a
  negative charge
• Protons _________________________
• ___________ in nucleus with no charge

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How are Protons, Neutrons, electrons related?

• ___________ atomic number
• electrons ______________________
• protons neutrons ______________

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Ions Bonding

• ______ An atom with a positive or negative
  charge due to loss or gain of an electron
• Gain ________________________________
• Loss ________________________________
• Opposites charges attract holding the atoms
  together called ____________________
• _______________ electrons are shared by atoms
  instead of given up

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But!!!
Not all atoms of the same element are the same,
either.
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Isotopes
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Certain isotopes of elements are ___________, or
__________. (example Carbon-14 and Uranium-238)
These radioactive isotopes of elements allow us
to do absolute-age dating!
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Most substances on Earth are not pure elements
but rather.
???
Compounds
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A Compound is..
A substance ______________________________________
______________________________.
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A Mixture, on the other hand, is
A substance ______________________________________
__________________________________________________
______________________
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Elements by themselves are much less common than
__________, because they tend to combine with
each other to form Compounds.
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Elements and Compounds in their solid form make
up
Minerals
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A _________ is a naturally occurring _________
with a definite chemical composition and a
___________ structure.
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That means that

• It cant be organic in origin
• It cant be a liquid
• and..
• It has to have a crystal structure

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Lets put that in a list format.
1. Minerals are a __________ occurring substance.
2. Minerals are ________.
3. Minerals have ________ ________________________
__________________________.
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4. The atoms that make up minerals are arranged
in an orderly ____________________________________
______________________
5. Minerals are inorganic. (______________________
________________________________)
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How many different minerals are there on Earth???
Answer
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Most Minerals are Compounds
___________________________________ Ex Quartz
Silicon and Oxygen Ex Halite Sodium and
Chlorine Ex Galena Lead and Sulfur
Minerals can have only 1 element

• ___________( native element)
• Ex Gold, Silver, Copper, Sulfur, Diamond

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More than ___ of all of the minerals in the
Earths Crust, however, are made up of compounds
containing Silicon and Oxygen, the two most
abundant elements on Earth.
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High Silica content forms light-colored rocks.
While _______ (but only by about 25) Silica
content forms darker-colored rocks.
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How do Minerals Form???
1. Minerals form in cooling ______ chambers
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Different types of minerals crystallize at
different temperatures
Decreasing temperature
___________ Reaction Series
Mineral formation in a Magma Chamber
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2. Metamorphic MineralsSome minerals occur as
the result of Recrystallisation and Reaction
within existing rocks which produces new minerals
in response to changes in_____________
__________
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3. Some types of minerals form as water
containing dissolved ______ slowly evaporates.
Salt deposits
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How long does it take for minerals to form??

• Minerals in solution in water can form relatively
  ________ when the water evaporates.
• Minerals in magma can form as _______ as the
  magma/lava can crystallize (lava can cool in
  minutes, while magma can take thousands of years).

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Although there are thousands of different types
of minerals, their crystals come in six basic
types of shapes

• A Crystal is A regular geometric solid with
  smooth surfaces called _________________

• The orderly arrangement of ______, _________, or
  ______, in any mineral determines the shape of
  its crystals.

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Cubic
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Orthorhombic
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Tetragonal
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Triclinic
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Hexagonal
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Monoclinic
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Only 30 of the 4,000 known minerals are common.
These 30 minerals are known as the
______________________rock-forming minerals
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Most rock-forming minerals are
\
The percent composition of Silicate minerals in a
rock determines the type of rock it is.
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Rocks that have a low percentage of Silicates are
dark in color, and are called ______ rocks.

• Rocks that have a high percentage of Silicates
  are light in color, and are called ______ rocks.

• Rocks are often made of several different _______

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How are minerals most often identified?

• Minerals are most often
• identified by inspecting their
• ___________ and ____________
• Properties.

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Color

• Color is the most easily _______________,
• but least ___________________ property of a
  mineral for identification.
• This is because the color of many minerals
• ________________ with the kind of impurities in
  the mineral.

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Luster

• The way a mineral _________________ in the light.
• Either _____________________ or
• _______________________

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Streak

• Streak is the color of the _______________ left
  on a streak plate when a mineral is rubbed on it.
• Why is streak more reliable than color?

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Cleavage

• Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to
• _____________ in a particular direction.

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Fracture

• Fracture is the tendency of a mineral to
  ____________ in directions other than along
  crystal faces or cleavage surfaces.
• Has ____________, rough, or jagged surfaces.

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Hardness

• Hardness is the ___________________ of a mineral
  to being scratched.
• The __________ ________________ Scale is one of
  the most effective tool for identifying minerals.

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Specific Gravity

• The specific gravity of a mineral is the ration
  of its weight ________________ with the weight of
  an equal volume of water
• Differences in density D ____________
• Gold has specific gravity of _____
• It means gold is _____ times heavier than water

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Other Properties

• Reaction to _______________
• Striation
• Magnetism
• _________________
• Radioactivity

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Mineral Groups

• Silicates (most abundant)
• Non-silicates
• - Oxides
• - Carbonates
• - Sulfides
• - Halides
• - Native elements (single ___________)

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Mineral Groups - Silicates

• Silicates
• - Tetrahedron
• - fundamental building block
• - 4 oxygen ions surrounding
• a much smaller silicon ion