MR. LIPMAN

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MR. LIPMANS APUS POWERPOINT CHAPTER 31

• THE ROARING TWENTIES
• DOMESTIC CHANGES

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KEYS TO THE CHAPTER

• The Red Scare
• Fear of Immigrants
• Alcohol is Banned
• Consumer Consumption Economy
• Tax Policy is changed
• Assembly Line Production
• Mass Transportation
• Entertainment for the masses
• Increased Urbanization / Economic Speculation

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Economic Expansion, 192029-----------A period
of Prosperity
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• 1919 1920 Red Scare in US
• 1917 Bolsheviks took power in Russia
• June 1919 bomb at A. G. Palmers home
• September 1920 bomb on Wall St. kills 38
• December 1919 249 alien radicals deported
• States outlaw advocacy of violence for social
  change
• Palmer arrests 5K on weak evidence w/o warrants

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America fears the change sweeping Europe
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• Businessmen used fear of socialism to drive out
  attempts to unionize
• Fear of Anarchists/Socialists spreads
• Sacco (shoe-factory worker) and Vanzetti (fish
  peddler)
• 1921 convicted of murdering a Massachusetts
  shoe factory paymaster and his guard in 1920
  robbery of 15K
• They were Italian, atheists, anarchists, draft
  dodgers
• August 23, 1927 both electrocuted

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Nicola Sacco Bartolomeo Vanzetti
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• Ku Klux Klan rises in popularity across the
  nation
• Against forces of diversity and modernity of
  1920s
• Anti-foreign, anti-Catholic, anti-black,
  anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-Communist,
  anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist,,
  anti-birth control
• Pro-Anglo-Saxon, pro-native American,
  pro-Protestant

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• Immigration began again but most from Southern
  and Eastern Europe
• Emergency Quota Act of 1921
• Temporary measure
• Quota of 3 of nationality of those in US in 1910
  
• Many southern / eastern Europeans were in US by
  1910
• Immigration Act of 1924 /Changes America forever
• Quotas cut from 3 to 2 and base shifted from
  1910 to 1890 to limit S/E immigration
• Belief that northern European were superior race
• Japanese immigration completely stopped
• Hate America rallies held in Japan
• Canadians and Latin Americans exempted
• Brought in for jobs sent home when jobs scarce

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• 1919 Eighteenth Amendment passed
• Volstead Act (1919) Congress passed to enforce
  Prohibition
• South and West Support but the East opposes it

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• Why prohibition failed
• Tradition of alcohol in America
• Tradition of weak control by central government
• Difficult to enforce law which majority opposed
• Soldiers argued law passed while they were in
  Europe
• Understaffed and underpaid federal enforcers
• Successes of Prohibition
• Bank savings increased
• Absenteeism in work decreased
• Less alcohol consumed overall

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Customers Enjoying a Drink at a
Speakeasy-------------Note fancy clothes but
poor surroundings
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• Huge profits made in smuggling and selling
  alcohol led to crime and gangs
• Police and judges bribed
• Few arrests, fewer convictions
• Scarface Al Capone (1925-1931 brutal gang wars)
• Leader of Chicagos alcohol distribution gangs
• Gangsters moved into other profitable areas
• Prostitution, gambling, narcotics , Extortion
• Infiltrated some unions as organizers

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• Improvement in education
• More states required students to stay in school
  longer
• Improvement in science and public health
• Fundamentalists attacked progressive education
  and science- want traditional values and
  claim that Darwinism destroyed faith in Bible
  and contributed to loose morals of youth
• Tennessee passed law prohibiting teaching of
  evolution in school - leads to the 1925 Scopes
  Trial
• Fundamentalists looked anti-modern and somewhat
  foolish and separate from modernists

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Fear of Change Ripping Society
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The Mass-Consumption Economy

• Reasons for the growth of the 1920s
• Favorable tax policies
• Cheap energy (oil)
• Increased capital investment
• New industries
• Advertising to increase consumption
• The Man Nobody Knows (by Bruce Barton) claimed
  Jesus the greatest advertiser in history
• Buying on credit (installment payments)
• Prosperity built on debt

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Consumer Debt 1920 31Much of it spent on
recreation and modern convenience
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Automobile Changes America

• Inventing the automobile
• 1886 - invented by European (Karl Benz)
• 1890s - adapted by Americans (Ford and others)
• Henry Ford most responsible for popularizing
  cars
• 1910s 1920s used assembly-line production and
  efficiency (Fordism) to standardize cars
• Made cheap enough for most workers
• Frederick W. Taylor (Taylorism)
• Father of Scientific Management (time everything)

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• The social impact of the auto
• Went from luxury to necessity
• Badge of freedom, equality, and social standing
• Expanded leisure travel
• Increased independence of women
• Less isolation among sections of US
• Less-attractive states lost population

• Consolidation of schools and churches
• Sprawl of suburbs
• Increased accidents and deaths
• Increased freedom of youth, frequently for sex
• Crime increased because of ability for quick
  getaway
• At first, improved air and environmental quality
  (from horses)

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• December 17, 1903 Wright Brothers
• Airplanes used during World War I
• 1920 first airmail route from NY to San
  Francisco
• Charles Lindbergh
• 1927 made first solo flight across Atlantic
  Ocean (New York to Paris)
• Became first media hero of 20th century

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The Spirit of St. Louis over Paris,
1927------------Flight took over 33 hours
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• 1932 Lindbergh baby kidnapped
• Led to Lindbergh Law
• Abduction across interstate death-penalty
  offense
• Bruno Hauptmann, a German immigrant, executed for
  the crime in 1934

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• Early radio programs were local
• By late 1920s national networks drown out local
  programs
• commercials in US financed radio
• contrasted with government-owned stations in
  Europe
• Social impact of the radio
• Family and neighbors gathered to hear programs
• Radio brought the nation together
• Same programs, sponsored by the same products
• Sports broadcasts, comedies, news, politicians

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(No Transcript)
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Gathered Around the Radio
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• Invention of movies
• 1890s - Thomas Edison and others build first
  projectors
• 1903 The Great Train Robbery
• First story on screen -Shown in five-cent
  theaters (nickelodeons)
• 1915 Birth of a Nation
• D.W. Griffiths glorification of KKK
• Hollywood became center of movie production
• Early movies featured nudity
• Public forced industry to self-censor using
  ratings
• World War I
• Propaganda used to incite feeling against Germans
  and the Kaiser

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• 1927 The Jazz Singer
• First talkie
• Racist white person painted himself in
  blackface
• Actors and actresses became stars
• Critics said movies vulgarized popular tastes
• Socialized immigrants
• Standardized language and tastes

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Society Begins to Change

• Census of 1920 shows majority now in cities
• More Women working
• Birth Control Margret Sanger
• Church loses some of its influence
• Advertisers sell sex The Flapper Girl

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The Flapper

• Bobbed (short) hair
• Short dress
• Rolled stockings
• Red cheeks and lips
• Smoking
• Flat body
• No Care Attitude

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The Dynamic Decade for Blacks

• Harlem Renaissance
• 100,000 blacks in 1920s
• Poets and writers like Langston Hughes Countee
  Cullen
• Influential blacks argued for a New Negro
• Full citizen and social equal to whites
• Marcus Garvey pushes nationalism
• Pushed to resettle blacks in homeland (Africa)
• Pushed black businesses black pride

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The Age of Literature

• H.L. Mencken
• F. Scott Fitzgerald
• Theodore Dreiser
• Ernest Hemingway
• Sinclair Lewis
• William Faulkner
• Poets Pound T.S. Elliot Robert Frost
• Playwright Eugene ONeill

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• Architecture becomes important
• Functionalism
• Architects like Frank Lloyd Wright
• 1931 Empire State Building dedicated
• 102 stories high
• Rampant speculation in 1920s - a sign that crash
  was coming
• Several hundred banks failed yearly
• 1925 crash of Florida real estate boom
• Based on fraud, including selling underwater lots

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• Speculation on the stock exchange
• Stocks went up because people speculated that
  they would be able to sell for more than they
  paid
• Buying on margin
• Stocks purchased with small down payment
• Only worked as long as stocks went up (like
  recent housing bubble and mortgages)
• National debt and tax policies
• Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon attacked
  high taxes (holdover from WWI) because
• Forced rich to invest in tax-exempt securities
  instead of factories
• Brought lower net receipts into Treasury

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• Controversy over Mellon policies
• Shifted tax burden to middle-income groups
• Reduced national debt (from 26 to 16 billion),
  but should have reduced it more
• Indirectly encouraged speculation on stock
  exchange by increasing holdings of the rich
• THEORY OF TRICKLE DOWN ECONOMICS IS FOLLOWED
  BUT NO CLEAR EVIDENCE THAT IT WILL EVER WORK
  THEN OR NOW