CH 10 STATEHOOD

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CH 10STATEHOOD

• 1845 - 1861

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Early Government1845
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Texas State Government

• Texas must write their first state constitution
  to join the U.S.
• Writers of the Texas state constitution included
  Thomas Rusk, Hiram Runnels, Abner Libscomb and
  Jose Antonio Navarro
• Navarro was the only native Texan
• Navarro was one of three Mexican Texans to sign
  the Declaration of Independence
• Navarro, Ruiz and de Zavala
• Borrowed from constitutions of U.S., Louisiana
  and Tennessee

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Thomas Rusk Jose Antonio Navarro

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Framework

• Law allowed only men 21 years or older to vote
• No women, African Americans or Native Americans
  could vote
• Constitution gave women certain rights
• Women could own property
• Married man could not sell property without
  wifes consent

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Framework

• Constitution of 1845 had 3 branches
• Legislative makes laws
• House of Representatives
• Senate
• Executive carries out the laws
• Veto power prevent passage of law
• Judiciary resolves legal disputes and hands out
  justice oversees courts
• Governor chose judges in higher courts

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Leaders of State

• Texas held their first state election
• James Pinckney Henderson elected states first
  governor
• John Hemphill became first chief justice of the
  state supreme court
• Sam Houston and Thomas Rusk became first U.S.
  senators from Texas
• David Kaufman and Timothy Pillsbury became first
  U.S. House of Representatives from Texas

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James Pinckney Henderson First Governor of Texas

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War with Mexico

• 1846 - 1848

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Who was Involved?
vs
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Manifest Destiny

• The U.S. believed they had the right and duty to
  expand to the Pacific Ocean, but Mexico owned all
  the land past Texas

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Technology (railways and telegraphs)
Driving the Indians and buffalo out of the land
Settlers moving West
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Manifest Destiny

• President James Polk wanted to fix the southern
  boundary of Texas
• Texas claimed the Rio Grande River as the
  southern boundary during the Republic
• Mexico claimed the Nueces River as the southern
  boundary
• Mexico still angry with U.S. for annexing Texas
• U.S. agreed with Texas that Rio Grande River was
  the southern boundary

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Boundary Issues
MEXICO
TX/US
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Negotiation

• President Polk sent diplomat John Slidell to
  Mexico, but Mexico refused to meet with him

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The War Begins

• Polk had already anticipated war
• He sent Zachary Taylor and 4,000 troops to Corpus
  Christi he moved the troops to the Rio Grande
• Taylors troops built Fort Texas on the site that
  is now present-day Brownsville
• Fighting began in April 1846
• Palo Alto was first major battle on May 8
• Congress declared war on May 13, 1846

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Mexican War

• Texans supported the war
• 5,000 Texans fought in the war

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Texans and the Mexican War

• Mirabeau Lamar and Governor Henderson fought in
  battle
• The Texas Rangers won fame for their skill in
  battle under Major McCulloch
• Gathered vital information for U.S. forces
• Protected U.S. supply lines
• Samuel Walker introduced the Walker Colt
  Revolver and improvement on the Colt Revolver
  gave Texas an advantage in battle

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Texas Women and the Mexican War

• Sarah Bowman joined troops as a cook
• Brown was known as the heroine of Fort Brown
  she loaded guns and carried wounded men off
  battlefield
• Jane Cazneau was Texas land agent and reporter
  who was sent by President Polk on a secret peace
  mission to Mexico
• Cazneau was the only journalist to report/spy
  from behind enemy lines

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Jane Cazneau American Journalist

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Results of Mexican War

• War ends September 1847
• Mexico lost the war
• The two nations signed the Treaty of Guadalupe
  Hidalgo in 1848
• 1. Mexico recognized Texas as part of US
• 2. Rio Grande River was established as the
  southern border of Texas

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Mexican Cession

• The U.S. received a large amount of land from
  Mexico as part of a cession in the treaty
• cession granting of land by one country to
  another
• U.S. paid Mexico 15 million for the land
• U.S. finally reached the Pacific Ocean and
  fulfilled their manifest destiny!
• U.S. gained land in present day California,
  Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and
  Wyoming

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Mexican Cession
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Politics of Statehood
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Politics

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was supposed to
  settle the border dispute
• Rio Grande, known as the Rio Bravo del Norte,
  formed the boundary line
• Mexico still fighting for territory
• Leaders had to focus on protection from Indians
• State had debts to pay off
• State needed to pay for new railroads, schools
  and a capitol

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Governors

• George T. Wood (2), Peter H. Bell (3), J.W.
  Henderson (4)
• Elisha M. Pease (5) - 1853
• Pease supported public education
• His efforts led to the permanent school fund
  provides money for public schools
• Pease ordered construction of government
  buildings, including capitol
• He pushed for railroad construction
• Greatest accomplishment erasing state debt

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Elisha M. Pease Texas Governor

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Governors

• Hardin R. Runnels (6) 1857
• Tried to end violence between settlers and
  Indians but failed
• Lost reelection to Sam Houston (7)
• Houston had served as General, President, Senator
  and now Governor of Texas!
• Houston had to leave governor post before his
  term was up..

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Political Parties and Population

• Democrats dominated Texas politics in the late
  1840s
• Democrats stood up for farmers and laborers
• Democrats rival were the Whig Party
• Whig were weak, won few elections and
  disagreements over slavery hurt party
• Republican Party replaced Whigs and were
  determined to stop slavery
• By 1860, population grew to 600,000

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Compromise of 1850

• Congress acted in 1850
• Created a plan that set western border to current
  border
• Texas received 10 million to give up its claim
  to New Mexico land
• California would enter Union as a free state no
  slavery allowed
• All other land in West would allow state to
  decide slavery issue by popular sovereignty

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Spending 10 Million

• The majority of the 10 million was used to pay
  off debt
• Texas built a new capitol and governors mansion
  in Austin
• Built new roads and improved older roads
• Created a permanent school fund
• 2 million put in escrow interest used to build
  public schools

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Growth and Expansion
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Native Americans

• Violence between settlers and Native Americans
  continued to be a problem
• U.S. imported dozens of camels to help fight
  Apaches and Comanches
• Native Americans believed that the land belonged
  to the people as a whole
• Texas tried to set up reservations for Native
  Americans to end the raids
• Robert Neighbors served as the Texas agent to the
  Apaches, Tonkawas and Comanches

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Robert Neighbors Texas Agent to Indians

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Native Americans

• By 1859, Texas and U.S. decided reservation
  policy had failed
• Texans failed to understand and recognize the
  individual Indian groups
• Some Native Americans moved to Oklahoma
• Texas allowed one group to stay
  AlabamaCoushatta
• Reservation is still there today in Polk County