EVOLUTION

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CHAPTER 29 EVOLUTION
Evolution Isn't Evolution Just a Theory?
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Early Ideas on Evolution
_______________ _______________
_______________ _______________
Carolus Linnaeus, 1735
Georges Buffon, 1749
Erasmus Darwin, 1749
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, 1809
2nd to classify organisms based on their _________
Proposed that species shared ________________
Proposed that more complex life forms arose from
_______ complex life forms
Proposed that changes in an environment caused
changes in ________________
traits
ancestors
less
organisms
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Theories of Geologic Change sets the stage for
the Theory of Evolution
CATASTROPHISM GRADUALISM
UNIFORMITARIANISM
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CATASTROPHISM
Georges Cuvier
Theory proposed by _______________________. States
that ______________________________ such as
___________ and _______________________________
have shaped ________________ and caused species
to become ___________________ in the process.
Natural disasters
floods
volcanic eruptions
landforms
extinct
GRADUALISM
James Hutton
Theory proposed by ______________________. States
that the changes in landfoms resulted from
___________________ that had occurred over a long
period of time.
slow changes
UNIFORMITARIANISM
Theory proposed by ______________________. States
that the changes in geologic processes that shape
the Earth are uniform through time.
__________________________________________________
________________________________
Charles Lyell
The changes have happened in the past and are
ONGOING!
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ADAPTATIONS
Traits that make a living thing able to survive
in its surroundings.
TYPES OF FEET
TYPES OF BEAKS
WEBBED
FISH
INSECTS
CLAWED
HOOVED
PADDED
NUTS
FISH
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OTHER ADAPTATIONS
COLORATION
BODY FAT AND THICK FUR
SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS
ADAPTATION ACTIVITY
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Why doesn't the bird have teeth?
Because it doesn't eat meat and has no need for
them.
_______________________ _______________________
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WHICH MOTH WOULD BE MOST RECOGNIZABLE BY ITS
PREDATOR?
What happens to the moth that is not selected by
the predator?
1. It survives 2. It passes on his
traits
_______________________
_______________
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WHICH MOTH WOULD BE MOST RECOGNIZABLE BY ITS
PREDATOR?
What happens to the moth that is not selected by
the predator?
1. It survives 2. It passes on its
traits
_______________
_______________________
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NATURAL SELECTION
Who determined which moth was better adapted to
its surroundings?
OWL
_____________________________
Principles of NS
Natural Selection- process in which something in
nature does the selecting of what will survive
and what will not survive.
____________________ - ___________________________
___________ ______________________________________
_____________________ ____________________________
_______________________________
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WHAT THINGS IN NATURE CAN SELECT WHO LIVES?
PREDATORS WEATHER CONDITIONS RESOURCE
SHORTAGES DISEASE
____________________________
_________________________________________
_______________________________________________
____________________________
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Preying Mantis Camouflaged to hide from its
prey.
Would you see it?
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Walking Stick Camouflaged to hide from its
predators.
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Thorn Bug Camouflaged to hide from its
predators.
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ADAPTATIONS IN REVIEW
Adaptations traits Traits genes Adaptations
genes
______________________________ __________________
____________ ______________________________
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MUTATIONS

1. A CHANGE IN THE DNA CODE
2. ARE NATURAL EVENTS
3. CAN BE A SOURCE FOR NEW TRAITS
4. THESE NEW TRAITS CAN BE ADAPTATIONS BECAUSE THEY
   MIGHT HELP THE ORGANISM SURVIVE IN ITS ENVIRONMENT

__________________________________ _______________
________________________ _________________________
_____________________________ ____________________
__________________________________ _______________
_______________________________________ __________
____________________________________________
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ARE ALL MUTATIONS BAD?
-NO-
BROWN COAT TO WHITE COAT
BROWN COAT TO WHITE COAT
HELPFUL
HARMFUL
__________________
The brown rabbit is more easily seen by
predators. It will most likely not survive and
reproduce.
__________________
The white deer is more easily seen by predators.
It will most likely not survive and reproduce.
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SPECIES FORMATION
Species A group of living things that can breed
with others of the same species and form
FERTILE offspring.
__________________________________________________
_____ ____________________________________________
___________ ______________________________________
_________________
________________________________________ _________
_______________________________
Fertile being able to reproduce by forming egg
or sperm cells
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SPECIES FORMATION

• New species are formed by
• Animals within the same species are separated by
  a barrier, (water, mountains, etc).
• They live apart for thousands of years with
  different living conditions.
• 2. Natural selection takes place within the two
  separate regions.
• 3. Individuals with the desirable traits for
  their specific environment survive and reproduce.
• 4. Over time the two groups can become
  different species as they develop different
  adaptations.

_________
__________________________
_________
_____________________
_______________
_____________________
_________
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Galapagos Islands

1. Seed Eaters
2. Plant Eaters
3. Insect Eaters
4. Cactus Eaters

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BOTTOM LINE
ONLY THE STRONG SURVIVE!
__________________________________________________
_____
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HUMAN EVOLUTION
Common Misconception
HUMANS COME FROM MONKEYS
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PRIMATES
OLD WORLD MONKEYS
APES
NEW WORLD MONKEYS

• Some have tails
• Nostrils Point Downwards

• No tails

• Have tails
• Nostrils Point Upwards

Patas monkey(Africa)
Hamadryas baboon(Africa)
Congo Gorilla
Prehensile tails   (spider monkeys)  
Howler Monkey
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PRIMATE EVOLUTION
Before Monkey
PROSIMIANS
NEW WORLD MONKEYS
OLD WORLD MONKEYS
APES
HUMANS
40 MILLION
30 MILLION
10 MILLION
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HUMAN EVOLUTION
APES
Walked upright, very short. Lucy
AUSTRALOPITHECUS
_____________________________________
HOMO HABILIS
Used tools, somewhat taller. Lived in Africa
_____________________________________
HOMO ERECTUS
Lived in Europe. Continental drift?
_____________________________________
HOMO SAPIEN
Neanderthal
_____________________________________
HOMO SAPIEN SAPIEN
Cave Drawings, This is us!
_____________________________________
10 MILLION YEARS AGO
Did humans evolve?
Ardi
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HARD PROOF OF HUMAN EVOLUTION
What do the differences in the skull suggest?
____________________________ _____________________
_______ ____________________________ _____________
_______________
Virtual lab Hominoid skulls
Hominid Skulls
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Comparing Fossil Evidence
C

• Acurate measurements are taken to compare
  fossils.
• A line is drawn over the eye socket from front to
  back of skull
• A line is drawn under the eye socket from front
  to back of skull
• A line is drawn from the highest point on the top
  of skull to lower line.

B
A
Supraorbital index Using a metric ruler, 1.
Multiply the value of BC by 100 ____ 2. Divide
the result by AC ____
Size of Brain / Intelligence
What is the supraorbital index measuring?
_____________________________
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So, while we don't "come from" monkeys, We share
a common ancestor.
"Star" a point on the pedigree to indicate that
common ancestor.
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PRIMATE EVOLUTION
Before Monkey
PROSIMIANS
NEW WORLD MONKEYS
OLD WORLD MONKEYS
APES
HUMANS
40 MILLION
30 MILLION
10 MILLION
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FOSSILS
Complex Organisms
Newest Layer of Rock

1. Remains of once-living things
2. Found in earths crust within sedimentary rock

____________________ ____________________ _______
_____________
____________________ ____________________ _______
_____________ ____________________
Oldest Layer of Rock
Simple Organisms
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PROOF OF EVOLUTION
__Body Comparisons__ ___Fossils_________________
_____________________________________ __Embryos
_____________________
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BODY COMPARISONS
Shows common traits in organisms which determine
relationships/evolution
1. Body Structure a. Bones (Number of bones,
Length of bones, etc) b. Skulls (Size of,
Position of, Similarities of, etc) 2. Body
Chemistry a. DNA b. Blood
______________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________ ________
_______________________ ______________
__________
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BROAD AND SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS
Skulls of fossil Hominidae
Structure of organisms
Australopithecus robustus
Homo habilis H. sapiens
Evolution from different ______________ of
animals
Homo erectus
Homo sapiens neanderthalis
Evolution within same _______________ of animals
CLASSES
ORDER
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EMBRYOLOGY

1. The study of embryos
2. Show common ancestry
3. Show common traits

____________________ ____________________ _______
_____________
____________________ ____________________ _______
_____________
Which one is human?
How does evolution work
VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE - body part that no longer
has a function appendix and pink lump in eye of
humans
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CHARLES DARWIN
Naturalist

• English __________________ who wrote the
  __________________________
• Developed the ___________________________
• Stated that evolution is a _______________ in the
  ______________ ______________ of a group of
  organisms over time.

Origin of the Species
Theory of Evolution
change
hereditary
features
Controversy
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Charles Darwin traveled on the HMS Beagle from
England to the ____________________________ It
is on these islands that Darwin made his
observations and compiled ________________________
__________________
Galapagos Islands
evidence of the evolutionary process.
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Darwin's Observations
Variation

• _______________________ the difference in the
  physical traits of an individual from those of
  other individuals in the group to which it
  belongs.
• ________________________ Variation that occurs
  among members of different species
• ________________________ Variation that occurs
  among individuals of the same species.

Interspecific Variation
Intraspecific Variation
Adaptation

• _______________________ The feature(s) that
  allow an organism to better survive in its
  environment.
• Adaptations can lead to genetic change in a
  _______________________________________.

Population over time
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CHARLES DARWIN
Summary of Evolutionary Points

1. LIVING THINGS OVERPRODUCE
2. THERE IS VARIATION AMONG OFFSPRING
3. THERE IS A STRUGGLE TO SURVIVE
4. NATURAL SELECTION IS ALWAYS TAKING PLACE

____________________________________________
____________________________________________
___________________________________________
____________________________________________
__________________
Evolution Why Does Evolution Matter Now?
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TERMINOLOGY

• COMPETITION __struggle among living things to
  get their needs______________________________
• EVOLUTION _change in hereditary features in a
  group of organisms over time_________________
• EXTINCT _life-form that no longer
  exists____________________________________________
  _
• FERTILE ___can produce viable egg and
  sperm___________________________________
• FOSSIL __remains of once living things from
  the past_____________________________________
• NATURAL SELECTION _something in a living things
  surroundings will determine if it will survive__
• NEW-WORLD MONKEY _tails that can grasp and
  nostrils that open upward__________________
• OLD-WORLD MONKEY __cannot grasp with tails and
  have downward nostrils_________________
• OPPOSABLE THUMB _thumb that is positioned
  opposite of other fingers_________________
• PRIMATE _have eyes that face forward and thumbs
  that grasp_____________________________
• SEDIMENTARY ROCK _form from mud, sand and other
  fine particles___________________________
• SPECIES __group of living things that can
  produce fertile offspring_________________________
  _
• VARIATION _a trait that makes an individual
  different from others of its species______________
  __
• VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE _body part that no longer
  has a function appendix and pink lump in eye of
  humans

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HOW DO ORGANISMS EVOLVE?